Vacanta de vara 2012  incepe din 23 iunie si tine pana pe 9 septembrie 2012 .Pe 10 septembrie va incepe anul scolar 2012-2013.

Vacanta de vara va fi, asadar, mai scurta cu o saptamana comparativ cu anul trecut

Vacante_scolare_mare_tailanda

Comunicatul Oficial privind noua structura pentru anul scolar 2011 – 2012

Muscle is a contractile tissue which is derived from the mesodermal layer of embryonic germ cells.
A muscle is a bundle of many cells called fibers. You can think of muscle fibers as long cylinders, and compared to other cells in your body, muscle fibers are quite big. They are from about 1 to 40 microns long and 10 to 100 microns in diameter. For comparison, a strand of hair is about 100 microns in diameter, and a typical cell in your body is about 10 microns in diameter.
Muscle cells contain contractile filaments that move past each other and change the size of the cell.
They are classified as skeletal, cardiac, or smooth muscles. Their function is to produce force and cause motion. Muscles can cause either locomotion of the organism itself or movement of internal organs.
Cardiac and smooth muscle contraction occurs without conscious thought and is necessary for survival. Examples are the contraction of the heart and peristalsis which pushes food through the digestive system.
Skeletal muscle is the type of muscle that we can see and feel. When training is performed, body building or physical exercise, etc the skeletal muscle is the one which is seen and worked a lot.
Usually, skeletal muscles are attached to the skeleton in pairs: one muscle to move the bone in one direction and another to move it back the other way. These muscles usually contract voluntarily, meaning that you think about contracting them and your nervous system tells them to do it.
They can do a short, single contraction (twitch) or a long, sustained contraction (tetanus).
Voluntary contraction of the skeletal muscles is used to move the body and can be finely controlled. Examples are movements of the eye, or gross movements like the quadriceps muscle of the thigh.
Muscles are predominantly powered by the oxidation of fats and carbohydrates, but anaerobic chemical reactions are also used, particularly by fast twitch fibers. These chemical reactions produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules which are used to power the movement of the myosin heads.

Types of muscle

Smooth muscle is found in your digestive system, blood vessels, bladder, airways and, in a female, the uterus. Smooth muscle has the ability to stretch and maintain tension for long periods of time.
It contracts involuntarily, meaning that you do not have to think about contracting it because your nervous system controls it automatically. For example, your stomach and intestines do their muscular thing all day long, and, for the most part, you never know what’s going on in there.
Cardiac muscle is found only in your heart, and its big features are endurance and consistency. It can stretch in a limited way, like smooth muscle, and contract with the force of a skeletal muscle.
It is a twitch muscle only and contracts involuntarily.

Types of fibers

A muscle fiber contains many myofibrils, which are cylinders of muscle proteins. These proteins allow a muscle cell to contract. Myofibrils contain two types of filaments that run along the long axis of the fiber, and these filaments are arranged in hexagonal patterns. There are thick and thin filaments. Each thick filament is surrounded by six thin filaments.
Individual muscle fibers are formed during development from the fusion of several undifferentiated immature cells known as myoblasts into long, cylindrical, multi-nucleated cells. Differentiation into this state is primarily completed before birth with the cells continuing to grow in size thereafter. Skeletal muscle exhibits a distinctive banding pattern when viewed under the microscope due to the arrangement of cytoskeletal elements in the cytoplasm of the muscle fibers. The principal cytoplasmic proteins are myosin and actin (also known as “thick” and “thin” filaments, respectively) which are arranged in a repeating unit called a sarcomere. The interaction of myosin and actin is responsible for muscle contraction.

There are two principal ways to categorize muscle fibers: the type of myosin (fast or slow) present, and the degree of oxidative phosphorylation that the fiber undergoes. Skeletal muscle can thus be broken down into two broad categories: Type I and Type II. Type I fibers appear red due to the presence of the oxygen binding protein myoglobin. These fibers are suited for endurance and are slow to fatigue because they use oxidative metabolism to generate ATP. Type II fibers are white due to the absence of myoglobin and a reliance on glycolytic enzymes. These fibers are efficient for short bursts of speed and power and use both oxidative metabolism and anaerobic metabolism depending on the particular sub-type. These fibers are quicker to fatigue.

Human muscle anatomies

-working principle
-nerves

How do muscles grow?
The biggest muscle building mistake you can make is doing routines from muscle magazines. Most of those guys don’t train naturally, are genetically gifted and never started training that way. Doing their routines won’t make you build muscle fast.
The average person needs a different approach. One that builds muscle fast and prevents physical & mental overtraining from doing too much, too soon.

Personal trainers and fitness professionals often spend countless hours reading articles and research on new training programs and exercise ideas for developing muscular fitness.
However, largely because of its physiological complexity, few fitness professionals are as well informed in how muscles actually adapt and grow to the progressively increasing overload demands of exercise.
In fact, skeletal muscle is the most adaptable tissue in the human body and muscle hypertrophy (increase in size) is a vastly researched topic, yet still considered a fertile area of research. This column will provide a brief update on some of the intriguing cellular changes that occur leading to muscle growth, referred to as the satellite cell theory of hypertrophy.
Hypertrophy is an increase in the size of the muscle due to an increase in the size of the muscle fibers, while hyperplasia is an increase in the number of muscle fibers.
Hypertrophy comes in two forms, sarcomere hypertrophy, an increase in the size of the contractile portion of the muscle; and sarcoplasmic hypertrophy, an increase in the non-contractile portion of the muscle.

But how actually is growing ? By generating trauma to the Muscle and activating The Satellite Cells
When muscles undergo intense exercise, as from a resistance training bout, there is trauma to the muscle fibers that is referred to as muscle injury or damage in scientific investigations.
This disruption to muscle cell organelles activates satellite cells, which are located on the outside of the muscle fibers between the basal lamina (basement membrane) and the plasma membrane (sarcolemma) of muscles fibers to proliferate to the injury site (Charge and Rudnicki 2004).
In essence, a biological effort to repair or replace damaged muscle fibers begins with the satellite cells fusing together and to the muscles fibers, often leading to increases in muscle fiber cross-sectional area or hypertrophy.
The satellite cells have only one nucleus and can replicate by dividing. As the satellite cells multiply, some remain as organelles on the muscle fiber where as the majority differentiate (the process cells undergo as they mature into normal cells) and fuse to muscle fibers to form new muscle protein stands (or myofibrils) and/or repair damaged fibers.
Thus, the muscle cells’ myofibrils will increase in thickness and number. After fusion with the muscle fiber, some satellite cells serve as a source of new nuclei to supplement the growing muscle fiber. With these additional nuclei, the muscle fiber can synthesize more proteins and create more contractile myofilaments, known as actin and myosin, in skeletal muscle cells.
It is interesting to note that high numbers of satellite cells are found associated within slow-twitch muscle fibers as compared to fast-twitch muscle fibers within the same muscle, as they are regularly going through cell maintenance repair from daily activities.

Growth factors are hormones or hormone-like compounds that stimulate satellite cells to produce the gains in the muscle fiber size. These growth factors have been shown to affect muscle growth by regulating satellite cell activity.
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is a key regulator of satellite cell activity. It has been shown to be the active factor in damaged muscle and may also be responsible for causing satellite cells to migrate to the damaged muscle area (Charge and Rudnicki 2004).
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) is another important growth factor in muscle repair following exercise. The role of FGF may be in the revascularization (forming new blood capillaries) process during muscle regeneration (Charge and Rudnicki 2004).
A great deal of research has been focused on the role of insulin-like growth factor-I and –II (IGFs) in muscle growth. The IGFs play a primary role in regulating the amount of muscle mass growth, promoting changes occurring in the DNA for protein synthesis, and promoting muscle cell repair.
Insulin also stimulates muscle growth by enhancing protein synthesis and facilitating the entry of glucose into cells. The satellite cells use glucose as a fuel substrate, thus enabling their cell growth activities. And, glucose is also used for intramuscular energy needs.

Growth hormone is also highly recognized for its role in muscle growth. Resistance exercise stimulates the release of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary gland, with released levels being very dependent on exercise intensity. Growth hormone helps to trigger fat metabolism for energy use in the muscle growth process.
As well, growth hormone stimulates the uptake and incorporation of amino acids into protein in skeletal muscle.
Lastly, testosterone also affects muscle hypertrophy. This hormone can stimulate growth hormone responses in the pituitary, which enhances cellular amino acid uptake and protein synthesis in skeletal muscle. In addition, testosterone can increase the presence of neurotransmitters at the fiber site, which can help to activate tissue growth. As a steroid hormone, testosterone can interact with nuclear receptors on the DNA, resulting in protein synthesis.
Testosterone may also have some type of regulatory effect on satellite cells.
All studies show that men and women respond to a resistance training stimulus very similarly. However, due to gender differences in body size, body composition and hormone levels, gender will have a varying effect on the extent of hypertrophy one may possibly attain. As well, greater changes in muscle mass will occur in individuals with more muscle mass at the start of a training program.

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Hypertrophy Vs. Hyperplasia
Hypertrophy refers to an increase in muscle size, due to the enlargement of the size of the cells, as opposed to an increase in the number of cells by cell division, a.k.a. Hyperplasia.
Sarcomere hypertrophy involves a smaller increase in the diameter of the muscle, but muscle density increases. Sarcoplasmic hypertrophy shows an increase in muscle diameter and a decrease in density. All hypertrophy will involve both processes; the ratio is dependent on training intensity and frequency.
Heavy training on a regular basis will make you feel solid whereas someone who trains for the pump with light weights will feel soft. If you are interested in improving performance, than strive for sarcomere hypertrophy. Sarcoplasmic hypertrophy is only beneficial if an increase in body weight is more important than an improvement in performance.
Hyperplasia is the splitting of muscle fibers, resulting eventually in a greater number of fibers the same size as the originals. It has been said that the number of muscle cells one is born with is all they will ever have, and the splitting is not new fibers but damage to existing fibers. Russian sports scientists claimed to find hyperplasia in swimmers’ shoulders. Swimming is training at a high speed with low resistance.
Training Volume:
Medvedyev, the long time Soviet weight lifting coach, wrote that training volume is the determining factor in muscle growth. He recommends that if a weightlifter wants to stay in the same weight class, he should train with singles, and if the lifter is trying to go higher a weight class, he should train with sets of three to six reps.
Anthony Ditullio adds that strict exercise performance, minimal rest between sets, and the volume of work in a limited time are the primary factors in muscle growth. Obviously, the more work performed, the greater need for energy.
A maximum single is the most work that can be performed in an instant, but because it lasts a limited time, only a small amount of protein is broken down. High repetition sets with light weight also require a small amount of fuel supply. Medium repetition sets with maximum weights require a larger fuel supply, resulting in an increased protein breakdown, which leads to a bigger rebound in energy stores and increased muscle growth.

10 practical advices for muscle growth

1. Get Stronger. More strength is more muscle. Get into strength training.

2. Use Free Weights. You can lift the heaviest weights using barbells. More weight is more stress, thus more muscle.
Dumbbells are great for assistance exercises, but not for your main lifts. Stay away from machines. Safe. Machines force you into fixed, unnatural movement patterns which can cause injuries.
Free weights replicate natural motions. Free weights force you to control and balance the weight. This builds more muscle than machines, which balance the weight for you.
Functional. Strength built on machines doesn’t transfer to free weights or real life. No machine balances the weight for you in real life.
You can do hundreds of exercises with just 1 barbell. Saves a lot of money and space, especially if you want to build a home gym.
3. Do Compound Exercises. Isolation exercises are ok once you’ve built base strength & muscle mass. But if you’re starting to build muscle, exercises that hit several muscles at the same time are better.
No endless Biceps Curls -> Pull-ups, Chin-ups & Barbell Rows
Also no Triceps Kickbacks -> Bench Press, Overhead Press, Dips
And definitely no Leg Extensions -> Squats & Deadlifts
4. Train Your Legs. Squats work your whole body, they’re the most important exercise. You’ll look totally different once you can Squat 300lbs. That’s a free weight Squat with hips coming lower than knees.
All your muscles tense when doing Squats & Deadlifts. They work your body as 1 piece and let you lift heavy weights. Don’t lose time with Biceps Curls. When you can Squat & Deadlift heavy weights, you’ll have bigger arms.
5. Do Full Body Workouts. Don’t do those muscle magazine workouts. Body part splits with isolation exercises is fine once you’ve built a foundation. That’s once you can Squat 300lbs.

6 Get Recovery. Pro athletes workout 5-6 times per week. But they didn’t start that way. They added workouts as they got stronger & bigger. You’ll overtrain if you jump into their routines. As a beginner you need more recovery.
Rest. Muscles grow when you rest, not when you workout. Start with 3 full body workouts per week and focus on intensity, not gym time.
Sleep. Growth hormone releases when you sleep, building muscle. Aim for 8 hours sleep. Nap post workout if your lifestyle allows.
Drink Water. Avoids dehydration and helps muscle recovery. Drink 2 cups water with each meal, and sip water during your workout.
Eat. “Eat like a horse. Sleep like a baby. Grow like a weed”. Your training is useless if you don’t eat enough calories for recovery.
7. Eat Whole Foods. You’ll achieve a lower body fat, so the muscles you’ve built show better. And the vitamin & mineral content helps recovery. Stop eating food coming from a box. Eat whole foods 90% of the time. Check my StrongLifts Diet.
Proteins. Meat, poultry, fish, eggs, milk, …
Carbs. Brown rice, oats, whole grain pasta, quinoa, …
Veggies. Spinach, broccoli, tomato, salad, carrot, …
Fruits. Banana, orange, apple, pineapple, peers, …
Fats. Olive oil, fish oil, real butter, nuts, flax seeds, …
8. Eat More. Training is more important than diet for muscle building. But you do need to give your body the food it needs for optimal recovery. Most guys don’t eat enough, you got to eat more to build muscle.
Eat Breakfast. Get calories from the first hour. Read how to build the habit of eating breakfast. Try these 7 breakfast recipes.
Eat Post Workout. Get proteins and carbs post workout to help muscle recovery and replenish your energy stores.
Eat Every 3 Hours. 6 meals/day. Gives your muscles a steady intake of protein, speeds up muscle repair & recovery, boosts your metabolism.
Eat BW in lbs x 18kcal. Track your daily calorie intake using FitDay. You need at least your body-weight in lbs x 18kcal to maintain weight.
9. Gain Weight. You’ll never look muscular weighing 140lbs at 6″. No matter how much training you do. Check the guide on how to gain weight for skinny guys. Here’s the most important part.
Eat Calorie Dense Foods. 100g raw spinach is 25kcals. But 100g raw rice is 380kcals. Eat pasta, oats, olive oil, mixed nuts, etc.
Get Stronger. Increase your Squat to at least 300lbs. Muscle size is directly related with strength gains. You got to get stronger to build muscle.
Drink Whole Milk. If you don’t bother gaining some fat, drink 1 gallon whole milk daily on top of your current food intake. You can gain 25lbs in 1 month if you combine this with 3 weekly Squat sessions.
10. Get Protein. Proteins have the highest thermic effect. You need 1g protein per pound of body-weight daily to build & maintain muscle. That’s 160g of daily protein if you weigh 160lbs/72kg. Eat whole proteins with each meal.
Red Meat. Ground round, steaks, deer, buffalo, …
Poultry. Chicken breast, whole chicken, turkey, duck, …
Fish. Tuna, salmon, sardines, mackerel, …
Eggs. Eat the yolk, it’s full of vitamins.
Dairy. Milk, cottage cheese, quark cheese, yogurt, whey, …

If you weigh 160lbs: 1 can of tuna at lunch, 300g quark as snack, 300g meat at dinner and 500ml milk through the day gets you 160g protein. Read also how to get your daily protein when you’re a vegeterian/vegan.

<iframe width=”420″ height=”315″ src=”https://www.youtube.com/embed/jxk5tFiGVSE” frameborder=”0″ allowfullscreen></iframe>

http://stronglifts.com/how-to-build-muscle-mass-guide/

http://www.bodybuilding.com/fun/issa7.htm

http://www.unm.edu/~lkravitz/Article%20folder/musclesgrowLK.html

http://www.123rf.com/photo_7958392_3d-rendering-of-the-female-structure-of-muscle-in-gymnastic-pose-as-illustration.html

http://www.xuvn.com

http://www.adonisindex.com/the-limits-of-muscle-growth/

http://www.teachpe.com/anatomy/structure_skeletal_muscle.php

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeletal_muscle

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_hypertrophy

http://www.nlm.nih.gov

http://www.crossfitsouthbay.com

The history of antimatter begins in 1928 with a young physicist named Paul Dirac and a mathematical equation…
The equation, in some way, predicted the existence of an antiworld identical to ours but made out of antimatter. Was this possible? if so, where and how could we search for antimatter?
From 1930, the search for the possible constituents of antimatter, antiparticles, began, and it has been the main influence behind a major scientific and technical evolution over the last 70 years.
These anti-particles are, literally, mirror images of normal matter. Each anti-particle has the same mass as its corresponding particle, but the electrical charges are reversed. Here are some antimatter discoveries of the 20th century:

• Positrons – Electrons with a positive instead of negative charge. Discovered by Carl Anderson in 1932, positrons were the first evidence that antimatter existed.

Anti-protons – Protons that have a negative instead of the usual positive charge. In 1955, researchers at the Berkeley Bevatron produced an antiproton.

Anti-atoms – Pairing together positrons and antiprotons, scientists at CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, created the first anti-atom. Nine anti-hydrogen atoms were created, each lasting only 40 nanoseconds. As of 1998, CERN researchers were pushing the production of anti-hydrogen atoms to 2,000 per hour.

What is anti matter?

You know that matter, and therefore everything you see, is made out of 3 different types of “brick” that physicists call particles: electrons, protons and neutrons. These particles have been mysterious for quite some time: although physicists knew they existed, they knew very little about them. In physics, you can say you “know” something when, among other proprieties ,you can predict and describe the way it behaves. You know that a stone will fall if it’s not held properly. Physicist can describe how it falls and predict exactly where it will touch the ground using mathematical formulas.
But physicists couldn’t predict anything about the electron! Until a very smart guy Paul Dirac thought about it: he found a very simple way to describe the proprieties and behavior of electrons, but… there was something curios about it!
His description would only work if the electron had a “twin” particle, identical to it but with an opposite electric charge. It would be just like its mirror image! He called it an antielectron or POSITRON. Of course, the same would be true for any existing particle (proton and antiproton, neutron and antineutron)
This antielectron would be expected to have the same mass as the electron, but opposite electric charge and magnetic moment
Carl Anderson In 1932 was examining tracks produced by cosmic rays in a cloud chamber and he discovered that one particle made a track like an electron, but the curvature of its path in the magnetic field showed that it was positively charged and he named this positive electron a positron which was actualy the anti-electron predicted by Dirac.

To explain in a simplest way the anti matter, think about  playing with “playdough” starting with a flattened layer of dough, take a star shaped cutter and press it through the dough, now carefully remove the shape and  the shape will be a star. But take a look at the dough: there is another star there, exactly the same as the one you are holding – except that it’s a hole, the “negative image”, or opposite of your star. And you have no choice: whatever shape you cut from the dough, you also make its exact “negative” image.
Paul thought that particles must also be cut out of some kind of dough, and then you would also have their “negatives” – the antiparticles!
If you could convert all of the energy contained in 1 kg of sugar, or 1 kg of water, or 1 kg of any other stuff, you could drive a car for about 100,000 years without stopping!
Why? Albert Einstein, in 1905, wrote down the famous equation E=mc2. It says that mass is a very concentrated form of energy.
Energy is like the ‘money’ of nature; it comes in two different currencies, and with an enormous exchange rate – the square of the speed of light .
1 kg corresponds to 25,000,000,000 kWh of energy; 1 gr would be enough to supply energy to a medium-sized town for a whole day!
Big meteorites traverse our solar system with a typical speed of about 30 km/sec. If such a meteorite enters the Earth’s atmosphere, its energy of movement is converted into heat, reaching 100,000 Co or more and melting most of its material (‘shooting star’).
If a particle moving with this speed hits a block of material, its energy is also transformed, producing ‘temperatures’ of 10,000,000,000,000 Co or more. Under these extreme circumstances, the energy set free in the collision will transform into matter
In a coin factory, hot metal is pressed into coins. They only come in specific sizes and values, as 1p, 2p, 5p, 10p, 50p and 1 pound.
Similarly, nature does not allow energy to be converted into just any kind of matter. Nature has provided us with ‘moulds’, corresponding to a precisely defined amount of energy, as well as having some other particular properties.

These moulds are analogous to particles, the most important ones in our daily lives being the proton, the neutron and the electron. They have very precisely defined properties, such as their mass, their electric charge or the way they interact with other particles
Imagine a hot metal sheet in a coin factory (‘energy’). When you stamp out a coin from a metal sheet, you are left with a coin and a hole in the sheet. You could call this hole an “anticoin”.
That example also shows another feature observed with particles and antiparticles. To create them, it takes energy, and when you bring them back together (‘annihilation’, because they disappear into a flash of energy), this energy is released. It is like putting the coin back into the hole, leaving the original metal sheet.

In the 1950′s, physicists at the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory used the Bevatron accelerator to produce the anti-proton, that is a particle with the same mass and spin as the proton, but with negative charge and opposite magnetic moment to that of the proton. In order to create the anti-proton, protons were accelerated to very high energy and then smashed into a target containing other protons. Occasionally, the energy brought into the collision would produce a proton-antiproton pair in addition to the original two protons. This result gave credibility to the idea that for every particle there is a corresponding antiparticle.
A particle and its antimatter particle annihilate when they meet: they disappear and their kinetic plus rest-mass energy is converted into other particles (E = mc2). For example, when an electron and a positron annihilate at rest, two gamma rays, each with energy 511 keV, are produced. These gamma rays go off in opposite directions because both energy and momentum must be conserved. The annihilation of positrons and electrons is the basis of Positron Emission Tomography (PET) discussed in the section on Applications (Chapter 14). When a proton and an antiproton annihilate at rest, other particles are usually produced, but the total kinetic plus rest mass energies of these products adds up to twice the rest mass energy of the proton (2 x 938 MeV).

Antimatter is also produced in some radioactive decays. When 14C decays, a neutron decays to a proton plus an electron and an electron antineutrino,  . When 19Ne decays, a proton decays to a neutron plus a positron, e+, and an electron neutrino .

14C –> 14N + e- +
19Ne –> 19F + e+ +

What is the Antiproton Decelerator?

The Antiproton Decelerator is a very special machine compared to what already exists at CERN and other laboratories around the world. So far, an “antiparticle factory” consisted of a chain of several accelerators, each one performing one of the steps needed to produce antiparticles. The CERN antiproton complex is a very good example of this.

How does the AD work?

Antiparticles have to be created from energy (remember: E = mc2). This energy is obtained with protons that have been previously accelerated in the PS. These protons are smashed into a block of metal, called a target. We use Copper or Iridium targets mainly because they are easy to cool (but a piece of English beef would serve the same purpose – it would just roast very quickly and is rather messy).
Then, the abrupt stopping of such energetic particles releases a huge amount of energy into a small volume, heating it up to such temperatures that matter-antimatter particles are spontaneously created (this is explained in our briefing room).
In about one collision out of a million, an antiproton-proton pair is formed. But given the fact that about 10 trillion protons hit the target (about once per minute), this still makes a good 10 million antiprotons heading towards the AD.
The newly created antiprotons behave like a bunch of wild kids; they are produced almost at the speed of light, but not all of them have exactly the same energy (this is called “energy spread”). Moreover, they run randomly in all directions, also trying to break out ‘sideways’ (“transverse oscillations”). Bending and focussing magnets make sure they stay on the right track, in the middle of the vacuum pipe, while they begin to race around in the ring.

Coming to Science Fiction – Star Trek

These are the voyages of the Starship Enterprise on her five-year mission to seek out new life and new civilisations, to boldly go where no man has gone before…
In 1966 Gene Roddenberry created the science fiction television show STAR TREK. Although the first of two pilot episodes was pronounced “too cerebral” by TV bosses, once on air the adventures of the Starship Enterprise and its crew developed a huge following, with devotees becoming known as “Trekkies”. More than thirty years, four television series and several movies later, STAR TREK is still going strong. NASA’s first space shuttle was named “Enterprise,” in response to hundreds of thousands of letters from fans asking that the shuttle be named after the Starship.
STAR TREK features the adventures of the crew of the Starship Enterprise on its five-year mission to explore outer space. Clearly, having to travel huge distances every week, the starship needs to travel at speeds much greater than the speed of light.
So Gene Roddenberry equipped the original Enterprise with warp drive, a hypothetical propulsion system that warps space in such a way that distances between stars are, in effect, greatly reduced (Einstein showed that matter warps space; in other words, space itself is not “flat” but curved). Then, he resorted to a based-on-fact fuel to provide the energy needed: the Enterprise’s faster-than-light engines are powered by antimatter.
The mixing of matter and antimatter is almost certainly the most efficient kind of power source that a starship could use (and one of the best scientific features of Star Trek): antimatter (frozen antihydrogen) is handled with magnetic fields, and never allowed to touch normal matter.

Antimatter Propulsion

The 1980s US Strategic Defense Initiative program (better known as ‘Star Wars’) included several projects which looked at the possibility of using antimatter as rocket fuel or to drive space-borne weapons platforms.
Antimatter, converting all its mass into energy, is the ultimate fuel. However first the antimatter would have to be manufactured – there is no ‘mine’ of antimatter’!

Antimatter is difficult to produce – all the antiprotons produced at cern during one year would supply enough energy to light a 100 watt electric bulb for three seconds!
In terms of the energy put in to produce high energy proton beams and store them, the efficiency of the antimatter energy production process would be 0.00000001%. Even the steam engine is millions of times more efficient!

An outing of luxury sportscar enthusiasts in Japan ended in an expensive freeway pileup — smashing a stunning eight Ferraris, a Lamborghini and two Mercedes likely worth more than $1 million together.

Police say they believe the accident Sunday was touched off when the driver of one of the Ferraris tried to change lanes and hit the median barrier. He spun across the freeway, and the other cars collided while trying to avoid hitting his car.

Video of the crash aired by NTV, a major national network, showed several smashed, bright red Ferraris cluttering the freeway.

Even a used Ferrari in Japan can fetch $100,000 or more, meaning the total damage may be $1 million or more.

Police declined to comment on the total amount of damage, but said some of the vehicles were beyond repair.

NTV quoted the driver of one of the tow trucks brought in to clear the scene as saying it was the most expensive crash site he had ever seen.

No one was seriously injured, but police in Yamaguchi prefecture said 10 people were treated for bruises and cuts. Police say 14 cars were involved altogether.

The luxury cars were all in one place because they were being driven by a group of automobile enthusiasts on their way to nearby Hiroshima.

http://news.yahoo.com/fleet-ferraris-ruined-japan-sportscar-pileup-064013838.html

http://www.thenational.ae/news/worldwide/asia-pacific/the-worlds-most-expensive-car-crash-ferraris-mercedes-and-a-lamborghini-in-japan-collision

http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/top-stories/2011/12/04/the-most-expensive-car-crash-ever-eight-ferraris-in-supercar-pile-up-115875-23610157/

The Megalodon , (“giant tooth”) was one of the biggest, ferocious  prehistoric animal on Earth

Megalodon is regarded as one of the largest and most powerful predators in vertebrate history. C. Megalodon likely had a profound impact on structuring of the marine communities. Fossil remains indicate that this giant shark reached a total length (TL) of more than 16 metres (52 ft), and also affirm that it had a cosmopolitan distribution. Scientists suggest that C. Megalodon looked like a stockier version of the great white shark, Carcharodon carcharias, in life.

1.Discovery

2.Anatomy

3. Range and habitat

4.Extinction

5. Facts and Fiction

6. Incredible facts about

1. Discovery & Fossils

Triangular fossil teeth often found embedded in rocky formations were once believed to be petrified tongues, or glossopetrae, of the dragons and snakes. This interpretation was corrected in 1667 by a Danish naturalist, Nicolaus Steno, who recognized them as ancient shark teeth

The most common fossils of C. Megalodon are its teeth : triangular shape, robust structure, large size,fine serrations, and visible v-shaped neck. The teeth of C. Megalodon can measure over 180 millimetres (7.1 in) in slant height or diagonal length, and are the largest in size of any known shark species.

The fossils of C. Megalodon have been excavated from many parts of the world, including Europe, North America, South America, Australia, etc .It is believed that C. Megalodon became extinct in the Pleistocene, probably about 1.5 million years ago.

Among extant species, the great white shark is regarded as the best analogue to C. Megalodon. The lack of well preserved fossil skeletons of C. Megalodon have forced scientists to rely on the morphology of the great white shark for the basis of its reconstruction and size estimation.

2. Anatomy

Due to fragmentary remains, estimating the size of C. Megalodon has been challengingThe first attempt to reconstruct the jaw of this shark was made by Professor Bashford Dean in 1909 and from the dimensions of this jaw reconstruction, it was hypothesized that C. Megalodon could have approached 30 metres (98 ft) in total length .

Later in 1973, an ichthyologist from Hawaii, John E. Randall, introduced a method to estimate the total length of the great white shark..Based on this method he measures some specimen of teeth and yielded a corresponding total length of about 13 metres

In 2002, shark researcher Dr. Clifford Jeremiah with his method yielded 15.5 metres (51 ft) total length of a MegalodonAfter all researches and methods : The maximum size attained by C. Megalodon is indicated by the 20 m scale.According to a theory model, a 15.9 metres (52 ft) long C. Megalodon would have a body mass of about 47 metric tons (52 short tons)

C. Megalodon had a very robust dentition, and it had a total of about 276 teeth in its jaws, spanning 5 rows, also researches  indicate that it had one of the most powerful bites in history. At 15.9 metres (52 ft) long, C. Megalodon was capable of exerting a bite force estimated at 108,514 newtons (24,395 lbf)

C. Megalodon’s bite force, at maximum estimated size, is over 28 times greater than that of Dunkleosteus, over 10 times greater than that of the great white shark over 5 times greater than that of T. rex

Range and habitat

C. Megalodon had enough behavioral flexibility to inhabit wide range of marine environments (i.e. coastal shallow waters, coastal upwelling, swampy coastal lagoons, sandy littorals, and offshore deep water environments

Extinction

• Oceanic cooling and sea level drops might be influenced C. Megalodon. Fossil evidence confirms the absence of C. Megalodon in regions around the world where water temperatures had significantly declined during the Pliocene. These oceanographic changes may have restricted many of the suitable warm water nursery sites for C. Megalodon
• Decline in food supply

Facts and Fiction

Ever since the remains of C. Megalodon were discovered, it has been an object of fascination. It has been portrayed in several works of fiction, including films and novels, and continues to hold its place among the most popular subjects for fiction involving sea monsters.

Many of these works of fiction posit that at least a relict population of C. Megalodon survived extinction and lurk in the vast depths of the ocean, and that individuals may manage to surface from the vast depths, either by human intervention or by natural means

Incredible facts about Megalodon :

1. Teeth over 180 mm (7 inch)
2. Incredible bite force overtaken Tyrannosaurus Rex and Great White shark or other prehistoric animal, in fact was declared as been had the most powerful bite of any creature that ever lived
3. He lived 1.5 million years ago but his descendants as “Great White Shark” didn’t evolved to much which makes the shark a real “killing machine”
4. Huge dimensions : around 20 m and  around 50 tones
5. Large variety of food from prehistoric whales that swam the earth’s oceans during the Pliocene and Miocene epochs, but also chewing down on dolphins, squids, fish, and even giant turtles (whose shells, as tough as they were, couldn’t hold up against 10 tons of biting force).

More pics and gallery

In Romania, Codul Muncii prevede 11 zile libere legale. Lista completa a zilelor libere,  in 2012, pentru romani :

Anul Nou

1 ianuarie 2012 – duminica

2 ianuarie 2012 – luni

24 ianuarie 2012 – marti – ultima dintre zilele libere propusa si votata de Senatul Romaniei

Pastele

15 aprilie 2012 – duminica

16 aprilie 2012 – luni

Ziua Internationala a Muncii

1 mai 2012 – marti

Rusalii

3 iunie 2012 – duminica

4 iunie 2012 – luni

Adormirea Maicii Domnului

15 august 2012 –miercuri

Sfantul Apostol Andrei

30 noiembrie – vineri – propusa de Patriarhul Bisericii Ortodoxe Romane

Ziua Nationala a Romaniei

1 decembrie 2012 – sambata

Craciunul

25 decembrie 2012 – marti

26 decembrie 2012 – miercuri

Ianuarie

6 V † Boboteaza – Botezul Domnului  Harti

7 S † Soborul Sfantului Ioan Botezatorul 

Aprilie

17 M † Invierea Domnului – sarbatoarea luminii si a bucuriei; Duminica Floriilor; Sfantul Simeon, episcopul Persiei 

18 M  Sfantul Cuvios loan, ucenicul Sfantului Grigorie Decapolitul  Harti

19 J  Sfantul Cuvios loan Paleolavritul 

20 V † Izvorul Tamaduirii; Sfantul Teotim, Episcopul Tomisului  Harti

21 S  Sfantul Mucenic Ianuarie 

22 D  Sfantul Cuvios Teodor Sicheotul – Ap. Fapte V, 12-20Ev. Ioan XX, 19-31glas 1, voscr. 1 

Indoiala lui Toma nu este identica cu indoielile noastre – Ap. Fapte V, 12-20Ev. Ioan XX, 19-31glas 1, voscr. 1 

23 L † Sfantul Mucenic Gheorghe 

24 M † Sfintele Pasti; Sfintii Ierarhi Marturisitori Ilie Iorest, Sava Brancovici si Iosif din Maramures

In 2013, romanii vor avea 6 sarbatori ce pica in cursul saptmanii, adica sase zile libere, restul fiind in weekend-uri. Craciunul (25-26 decembrie) pica in zilele de miercuri si joi

 Logging out from Facebook doesn’t seem to help, says one writer

The possibility to be tracked by Facebook EVEN you close  your web browsing activity or  when you are logged out exist ?

“According to Australian hacker and writer Nik Cubrilovic, Facebook could know that you are reading this article, simply because we, like most sites nowadays, have a Facebook share button.

Cubrilovic ran a little test involving cookies and found that logging out of Facebook does not mean that Facebook can’t still know every page you visit on the same browser.

On his blog post on Sunday, he shows what cookies are sent during a logged-in Facebook user’s visit to Facebook.com compared to a logged-out user’s visit to Facebook.com. Logging out is apparently supposed to prompt the deletion of certain identifiers, but that doesn’t happen, says Cubrilovic.

The primary cookies that identify me as a user are still there (act is my account number), even though I am looking at a logged out page. Logged out requests still send nine different cookies, including the most important cookies that identify you as a user

This is not what ‘logout’ is supposed to mean – Facebook are only altering the state of the cookies instead of removing all of them when a user logs out.

This means that whenever you visit a page online that has a Facebook share button, like button or any other related widget, all of this pertinent information is being sent to Facebook. That’s how they can know where you are going on the web.

The advice is to log out of Facebook. But logging out of Facebook only de-authorizes your browser from the web application, a number of cookies (including your account number) are still sent along to all requests to facebook.com. Even if you are logged out, Facebook still knows and can track every page you visit. The only solution is to delete every Facebook cookie in your browser, or to use a separate browser for Facebook interactions.

Apparently, Cubrilovic has been sitting on this information for a while, and has reached out to Facebook without any substantial response. He says that he was prompted to share this information due to the renewed privacy discussions happening across the internet regarding all of Facebook’s upcoming Open Graph changes and “frictionless sharing.”

That “frictionless sharing” phrase is one that Mark Zuckerberg used quite a bit in his f8 keynote. He explained that it meant users can share their activities across the web to Facebook without having to really think about it. The melding of Facebook and everything else, per say.

Some have privacy concerns, fearing that since applications will be allowed to post things to Facebook regarding your actions without explicit opt-in authorization, users might share stuff on Facebook that they really don’t want to share.

ZDNet has obtained a response from Facebook. They explicitly state that Facebook does not track users’ web activity. They also explain the purpose of logged out cookies -

Facebook does not track users across the web. Instead, we use cookies on social plugins to personalize content (e.g. Show you what your friends liked), to help maintain and improve what we do (e.g. Measure click-through rate), or for safety and security (e.g. Keeping underage kids from trying to signup with a different age). No information we receive when you see a social plugins is used to target ads, we delete or anonymize this information within 90 days, and we never sell your information.

Specific to logged out cookies, they are used for safety and protection, including identifying spammers and phishers, detecting when somebody unauthorized is trying to access your account, helping you get back into your account if you get hacked, disabling registration for a under-age users who try to re-register with a different birthdate, powering account security features such as 2nd factor login approvals and notification, and identifying shared computers to discourage the use of ‘keep me logged in’. ”

Source : WebProNews

Sleep is a naturally recurring state characterized by reduced or absent consciousness, relatively suspended sensory activity, and inactivity of nearly all voluntary muscles. It is distinguished from quiet wakefulness by a decreased ability to react to stimuli, and is more easily reversible than being in hibernation or a coma. Sleep is also a heightened anabolic state, accentuating the growth and rejuvenation of the immune, nervous, skeletal and muscular systems. It is observed in all mammals, all birds, and many reptiles, amphibians, and fish.

The purposes and mechanisms of sleep are only partially clear and are the subject of intense research. Sleep is often thought to help conserve energy, but actually decreases metabolism only about 5–10%. Hibernating animals need to sleep despite the hypo metabolism seen in hibernation, and in fact they must return from hypothermia to euthermy in order to sleep, making sleeping “energetically expensive.”

What happens during sleep?

When you sleep, you become unconscious and unaware of what’s going on around you. As you sleep, you pass through different stages – and there are two main types:

•  REM
•  NREM

Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep

This comes and goes throughout the night, and makes up about one fifth of your sleep. The brain is very active, eyes move quickly from side to side and you dream. Although your brain is active, your muscles are very relaxed.

Sleeping process

Non-REM sleep

Your brain is quiet, but your body moves around while you sleep. Hormones are released into the bloodstream and your body repairs itself after the wear and tear of the day.You move between REM and non-REM sleep about 5 times during the night, dreaming more towards the morning.

The stages of sleep were first described in 1937 by Alfred Lee Loomis and his coworkers, who separated the different electroencephalography (EEG) features of sleep into five levels (A to E), which represented the spectrum from wakefulness to deep sleep.[7] In 1953, REM sleep was discovered as distinct, and thus William Dement and Nathaniel Kleitman reclassified sleep into four NREM stages and REM. The staging criteria were standardized in 1968 by Allan Rechtschaffen and Anthony Kales in the “R&K sleep scoring manual.”[9] In the R&K standard, NREM sleep was divided into four stages, with slow-wave sleep comprising stages 3 and 4. In stage 3, delta waves made up less than 50% of the total wave patterns, while they made up more than 50% in stage 4. Furthermore, REM sleep was sometimes referred to as stage 5.

In 2004, the AASM commissioned the AASM Visual Scoring Task Force to review the R&K scoring system. The review resulted in several changes, the most significant being the combination of stages 3 and 4 into Stage N3. The revised scoring was published in 2007 as The AASM Manual for the Scoring of Sleep and Associated Events. Arousals and respiratory, cardiac, and movement events were also added.

Biological_clock_human

Sleep stages and other characteristics of sleep are commonly assessed by polysomnography in a specialized sleep laboratory. Measurements taken include EEG of brain waves, electrooculography (EOG) of eye movements, and electromyography (EMG) of skeletal muscle activity. In humans, each sleep cycle lasts from 90 to 110 minutes on average, and each stage may have a distinct physiological function. This can result in sleep that exhibits loss of consciousness but does not fulfill its physiological functions (i.e., one may still feel tired after apparently sufficient sleep).

Scientific studies on sleep having shown that sleep stage at awakening is an important factor in amplifying sleep inertia. Alarm clocks involving sleep stage monitoring appeared on the market in 2005. Using sensing technologies such as EEG electrodes or accelerometers, these alarm clocks are supposed to wake people only from light sleep.

The human biological clockSleep timing is controlled by the circadian clock, sleep-wake homeostasis, and in humans, within certain bounds, willed behavior. The circadian clock—an inner timekeeping, temperature-fluctuating, enzyme-controlling device—works in tandem with adenosine, a neurotransmitter that inhibits many of the bodily processes associated with wakefulness. Adenosine is created over the course of the day; high levels of adenosine lead to sleepiness. In diurnal animals, sleepiness occurs as the circadian element causes the release of the hormone melatonin and a gradual decrease in core body temperature. The timing is affected by one’s chronotype. It is the circadian rhythm that determines the ideal timing of a correctly structured and restorative sleep episode.Homeostatic sleep propensity (the need for sleep as a function of the amount of time elapsed since the last adequate sleep episode) must be balanced against the circadian element for satisfactory sleep.Along with corresponding messages from the circadian clock, this tells the body it needs to sleep. Sleep offset (awakening) is primarily determined by circadian rhythm. A person who regularly awakens at an early hour will generally not be able to sleep much later than his or her normal waking time, even if moderately sleep-deprived.

Sleep duration is affected by the gene DEC2. Some people have a mutation of this gene; they sleep two hours less than normal. Neurology professor Ying-Hui Fu and her colleagues bred mice that carried the DEC2 mutation and slept less than normal mice

How much sleep do we need?

This mainly depends on age.

 Older people need the same amount of sleep, but will often only have one period of deep sleep during the night, usually in the first 3 or 4 hours. After that, they wake more easily. We tend to dream less as we get older. 

There are differences between people of the same age. Most will need 8 hours a night, but some (a few) people can get by with only 3 hours a night.

sleeping_process_on_baby

sleeping_process_on_baby

 

How long can humans stay awake?

J. Christian Gillin, a professor of psychiatry at the University of California, San Diego, conducts research on sleep, chronobiology and mood disorders. He supplies the following answer.

The easy experimental answer to this question is 264 hours (about 11 days). In 1965, Randy Gardner, a 17-year-old high school student, set this apparent world-record for a science fair. Several other normal research subjects have remained awake for eight to 10 days in carefully monitored experiments. None of these individuals experienced serious medical, neurological, physiological or psychiatric problems. On the other hand, all of them showed progressive and significant deficits in concentration, motivation, perception and other higher mental processes as the duration of sleep deprivation increased. Nevertheless, all experimental subjects recovered to relative normality within one or two nights of recovery sleep. Other anecdotal reports describe soldiers staying awake for four days in battle, or unmedicated patients with mania going without sleep for three to four days.

The more difficult answer to this question revolves around the definition of “awake.” As mentioned above, prolonged sleep deprivation in normal subjects induces altered states of consciousness (often described as “microsleep”), numerous brief episodes of overwhelming sleep, and loss of cognitive and motor functions. We all know about the dangerous, drowsy driver, and we have heard about sleep-deprived British pilots who crashed their planes (having fallen asleep) while flying home from the war zone during World War II. Randy Gardner was “awake” but basically cognitively dysfunctional at the end of his ordeal.

What happens if we don’t sleep? Effects of sleepiness:

Feel tired all the time / drop off during the day / find it difficult to concentrate / find it hard to make decisions /start to feel depressed / start to worry about not being able to sleep. This can be very dangerous if you are driving or operating heavy machinery. Many deaths are caused each year by people falling asleep at the wheel while driving.

High blood pressure / diabetes / overweight /Sleep problems in adult life

Effects_of_sleep_deprivation_

Reasons to stay awake

A hot toddy (and a milky drink!)

Everyone knows drinking coffee is a no-no, but so is that old failsafe, the hot toddy. Any alcohol before bed is a surefire route to a dodgy night’s sleep. While booze may make help you nod off, it’s been shown to interrupt your natural sleep cycle and will wake you up later. Caffeine hangs around in your body for many hours after your last drink of tea or coffee. Stop drinking tea or coffee by mid-afternoon. If you want a hot drink in the evening, try herbal (but check there’s no caffeine in it). “Back in the 1970s, Horlicks commissioned some trials and they seemed to show milky drinks promoted sleep. [But] they’d tended to recruit people who like having a milky drink before they go to bed. If you get a group of people who wouldn’t dream of drinking three quarters of a pint of viscous fatty liquid, and you got them to drink a mug of Horlicks, it would actually disrupt their sleep.”

Alcohol

Don’t drink a lot of alcohol. It may help you fall asleep, but you will almost certainly wake up during the night. Don’t eat or drink a lot late at night. Try to have your supper early in the evening rather than late.

A pre-bed workout

Tiring yourself out with a nighttime gym visit might seem a good idea – but it’s counterproductive. While you should get at least 30 minutes’ exercise daily, give it a miss in the four hours before you plan to go to bed. Dr Sunil Mathews, medical director at the Sleep Center in Texas notes: “While regular exercise relieves stress, it also raises core body temperature, which can make falling asleep more difficult.” Regular, moderate exercise such as swimming or walking can help relieve the day’s stresses and strains. But not too close to bedtime or it may keep you awake!

Getting warm and cozy

Bundling yourself in blankets, donning bed socks and thermal pajamas may make you feel like a cozy slumber – but you won’t get it. To drop off, we have to cool off: body temperature and the brain’s sleep-wake cycle are closely connected. That’s why a sweltering summer’s night often means a restless sleep. So the advice is “keep your bedroom dark, cool, quiet and comfortable”.

Staying in bed

It sounds counter-intuitive, but staying in bed when you can’t sleep can have the opposite desired effect. New York sleep expert Wilfred Pigeon said: “When people stay in bed, trying to force themselves to sleep, they begin to associate bed with growing frustration. Eventually this can lead to the curious phenomenon of being sleepy downstairs, but having the brain and body wide awake as the head hits the pillow.” So, if you find yourself lying in bed for more than 15 minutes unable to sleep, get up and do something relaxing, like listen to classical music.

Going to bed early – and having a lie-in

Surprisingly, for chronic insomniacs going to bed later and getting up earlier can do the trick. If you’re lying in bed for eight hours but only sleeping for five, try going to bed at 1am and getting up at 6am. It’s tough, say the experts, but after a week or two you should find yourself nodding off in a trice. After that, go to bed 15 minutes’ earlier each week, slowly building up to the length of sleep your body actually needs.

Smoking

Don’t smoke. Yes, it’s bad for sleep, too: smokers take longer to fall asleep, wake more often and often experience more sleep disruption.

Drugs, medicine, tablets, pills, etc

Don’t use slimming tablets – many of these will tend to keep you awake. Don’t use street drugs like Ecstasy, cocaine and amphetamines – they are stimulants, and like caffeine, will tend to keep you awake. 

Other possible reasons:

-         the bedroom may be too noisy, too hot or too cold

-         the bed may be uncomfortable or too small

-         you don’t have a regular sleep routine

-         you partner has a different pattern of sleep from you

-         you eat too late – and find it hard to get off to sleep

-         you go to bed hungry – and wake up too early

-         illness, pain or a high temperature.

-         emotional problems

-         difficulties at work

-         anxiety and worry

-         depression – you wake very early and can’t get back to sleep

-         Thinking over and over about problems – usually without getting anywhere with them.

-         heart disease, such as angina or heart failure

-         respiratory disease, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or asthma

-         neurological disease, such as Alzheimer’s or Parkinson’s disease

-         hormone problems, such as an overactive thyroid

-         joint or muscle problems, such as fibromyalgia or arthritis

-         gastrointestinal diseases

Good advices for a good sleep:

            Keep regular hours. Going to bed and getting up at roughly the same time, all the time, will programme your body to sleep better.

Create a restful sleeping environment. Your bedroom should be kept for rest and sleep and it should be neither too hot, nor too cold; and as quiet and dark as possible.

Make sure your bed is comfortable. It’s difficult to get deep, restful sleep on one that’s too soft, too hard, too small or too old.

Don’t over-indulge. Too much food or alcohol, especially late at night, just before bedtime, can play havoc with sleep patterns. Alcohol may help you fall asleep initially, but will interrupt your sleep later on in the night.

Try to relax before going to bed.. Have a warm bath, listen to some quiet music, do some yoga – all help to relax both the mind and body.

Deal with worries or a heavy workload by making lists of things to be tackled the next day.

If you can’t sleep, don’t lie there worrying about it. Get up and do something you find relaxing until you feel sleepy again – then go back to bed.

Make sure that your mattress supports you properly. If it’s too firm, your hips and shoulders are under pressure. If it’s too soft, your body sags which is bad for your back. Generally, you should replace your mattress every 10 years to get the best support and comfort. 

If you can’t sleep, get up and do something relaxing. Read, watch television or listen to quiet music. After a while, you should feel tired enough to go to bed again.

16-18 SEPTEMBRIE

Bucurestiul isi sarbatoreste in acest week-end aniversarea de 552 de ani.

Toti bucurestenii si nu numai sunt invitati sa petreaca trei zile si trei nopti, ca in povesti!

Cu acest prilej, Primaria Capitalei a pregatit o serie de evenimente speciale pe toate gusturile, atat pentru cei mari cat si pentru cei mici:

spectacole,  targuri, expozitii, filme si piese de teatru, toate pentru cei care doresc sa sa se bucure de Zilele Bucurestiului 2011!

Parcul Herastrau, Piata Arthur Verona, Piata Constutiei si Centrul Istoric

PROGRAMUL EVENIMENTELOR

16 SEPTEMBRIE – VINERI

Parcul Herastrau

10.00-21.00 Targul Mestesugarilor

10.00 – 21.00 Targul Editurilor de Carte 11.00 – 19.00

Expozitie internationala “Art for peace”

11.00 – 19.00 Expozitii de Pictura, Grafica

17.00 – 20.00 Plimbari cu Trasuri

17.00 – 21.00 Program Artistic

17:00 – 17:35 Ansamblul “Mugurel de Prahova” din Ploiesti;

17:35 – 18:10 Ansamblul “Doina Dunarii” din Giurgiu ;

18:10 – 19:00 Ansamblul “Tara Vrancei” din Focsani;

19:00 – 20:00 Ansamblul “Burnasul” din Alexandria;

20:00 – 21:00 Petre Geambasu Band (cu Doina Spataru, Elena Niciu si Ana Maria Mirica)

16.30 – 20.00 Parada Targovetilor

20.00 – 22.00

Cinematograf in aer liber

Piata Arthur Verona

10.00 – 20.00 Bacanie Romaneasca

17.00 – 20.00 Teatrul Masca – Artisti pe picioroange 18.00 Expozitie de fotografie “Invisible Bucharest”

Centrul Istoric (str. Lipscani, Smardan, Sf Dumitru, Franceza, Stravopoleos)

12.00 The Baad Mutha Funkas (Spectacol itinerant)

12.30 The Flying Buttresses (teatru de strada)

13.15 The Baad Mutha Funkas (Spectacol itinerant)\

14.00 The Flying Buttresses (teatru de strada) 18.00 Who’s Hair Dares 20.30 Duchamp Pilot (Concert live)

23.00 Noaptea alba a Filmului Romanesc Tot vineri, la ora 19.00, se va inaugura noua sala a Opereii Comice pentru

Copii (Calea Giulesti nr.16) cu spectacolul “Copiii si magia muzicii”.

Intrarea  este gratuita.

SAMBATA – 17 SEPTEMBRIE

Parcul Herastrau

10.00 – 21.00 Targul Mestesugarilor

10.00 – 21.00 Targul Editurilor de Carte

11.00 – 19.00 Expozitie internationala “Art for peace”

11.00 – 19.00 Expozitii de Pictura, Grafica

15.30 – 16.30 Reprezentatii stradale ale fanfarelor Fanfara Municipala din Slobozia; Fanfara “Angely’s”

din Bucuresti; Fanfara “Valahia” din Giurgiu ; Fanfara “Argesul” din Pitesti.

16.30 – 21.00 Program Artistic

16:30 – 17:20 Silviu Biris si Taraful “Cleante”;

17:20 – 18:00 ElenaGheorghe;

18:00 – 18:45 Pepe;

18:45 – 19:20 Delia;

19:20 – 20:10 Trupa Provincialii;

20:10 – 21:00 Directia 5.

17.00 – 20.00 Plimbari cu Trasuri

16.30 – 20.00 Parada Targovetilor

20.00 – 22.00 Cinematograf in aer liber

Piata Arthur Verona

10.00 – 20.00 Bacanie Romaneasca

17.00 – 20.00  teatrul Masca – Artisti pe picioroange 18.00 Expozitie de fotografie “Invisible Bucharest”

Centrul Istoric (str. Lipscani, Smardan, Sf Dumitru, Franceza, Stravopoleos)

12.00 – 14.00 Reprezentatii stradale ale fanfarelor 12.00 Fahrenheit (Spectacol interactiv)

12.30 The Flying Buttresses (teatru de strada)

13.15 Fahrenheit (Spectacol interactiv)

14.00 The Flying Buttresses (teatru de strada) 15.00 Callejeras (Flamenco)

18.00 Who’s Hair Dares

20.45 Duchamp Pilot (Concert live)

19.00 – Gala Folk You – (str. Franceza)

(Vor urca pe scena Emeric Set, Florin Chilian, Nicu Alifantis, Vama, Alina Manole Band, Mircea Vintila, Taxi, Mircea Baniciu, Zdob si Zdub)

Piata Constitutiei

20.30 – 22.00 CONCERT EXTRAORDINAR

Vor urca pe scena peste o suta de artisti, intr-o combinatie intre muzica clasica si muzica pop.

Participa:

Orchestra Nationala Radio, dirijor Tiberiu Soare Big Band-ul Radio, dirijor

Ionel Tudor Corul Festivalului Spoprana Valentina Nafornita Tenorul Marius

Manea Directia 5, Monica Anghel, Cornel Ilie si Lora

Invitatul special al concertului este BOGDAN OTA, tanarul pianist roman care

a cucerit Norvegia dupa emisiunea “Norske talente”

zilele_bucurestiului

DUMINICA – 18 SEPTEMBRIE

Parcul Herastrau

10.00 – 21.00 Targul Mestesugarilor

10.00 – 21.00 Targul Editurilor de Carte 11.00 – 19.00 Expozitie internationala “Art for peace”

11.00 – 19.00 Expozitii de Pictura, Grafica 15.00 – 16.00 Bataia cu flori

16.00 – 21.00 Program Artistic  16:00 – 16:20 Minoritatea italiana din Iasi,Ans. “Siamo di nuovo insieme”; 16:20 – 16:40 Minoritatea rusi/lipoveni din Tulcea, Ans. “Molodti”; 16:40 – 17:00 Minoritatea germana din Brasov, Ans.

“Korona”; 17:00 – 17:15 Minoritatea tatara turco-musulmana, Ans. Yildilzlar” din Constanta   cu Chiamiran Chivu;

17:15 – 17:30 Comunitatea aromanilor din Bucuresti, Ans. “Pilisterlu”;

17:30- 17:45 Minoritatea greaca din Bucuresti, Ans. “Ellas”;

17:45 – 18:00 Minoritatea ucraineana, Ans. “Zorea” din Bucuresti;

18:00 -18:15 Comunitatea evreiasca, Grupul de dansuri israeliene “Hora” din Bucuresti;

18:15 – 19:00 Ansamblul “Dor Transilvan” din Cluj  cu Marioara Man Gheorghe;

19:00 – 20:30 Orchestra Nationala de Folclor “Valahia” din Bucuresti cu Andreea Cristina Haisan,  Lavinia Goste,  Mioara Velicu.

16.30 – 20.00 Parada Targovetilor

17.00 – 20.00 Plimbari cu Trasuri

20.00 – 22.00 Cinematograf in aer liber

Piata Arthur Verona

10.00 – 20.00 Bacanie Romaneasca

17.00 – 20.00 Teatrul Masca – Artisti pe picioroange

18.00 Expozitie de fotografie “Invisible Bucharest Centrul Istoric (str. Lipscani, Smardan, Sf Dumitru, Franceza, Stravopoleos)

12.00 The Jacks of Frost (Spectacol de strada) 12.30 Callejeras (Flamenco)

13.15 The Jacks of Frost (Spectacol de strada)

14.15 The Flying Buttresses (teatru de strada) 19.00 Callejeras (Flamenco)

19.45 The Flying Buttresses (teatru de strada) 20.30 Callejeras (Flamenco)

19.00 – Gala Folk You (Vor urca pe scena Emeric Set, Florin Chilian, Nicu Alifantis, Vama, Alina Manole Band, Mircea Vintila, Taxi, Mircea Baniciu, Zdob si Zdub)

Piata Constitutiei

16.00 – 17.00 Moment DJ Adrian ªaguna Bucuresti FM si Zumba Dance

17.00 – 20.00 Parada Elevilor si Concert (Alex Velea, Andreea Banica, Andreea Balan si Connect-R) 20.30 – 21.30 “Piata Ingerilor” -Spectacol inedit adus din Franta de Compania de teatru de strada Les Studios de Cirque Tot duminica, in Parcul Tineretului, de la ora 17,30, va invitam la un spectacol de echitatie. Cinci cai ai Clubului de Echitatie Equestria,indrumati de o echipa de cascadori profesionisti, prezinta timp de 30 de minute un show ecvestru – o eleganta demonstratie de dresaj cu momente de defilare si saritura peste obstacole.

IN PLUS

Primaria Capitalei, prin ALPAB va oferi plimbari gratuite cu vaporasul pe lacurile Herastrau si Floreasca, in zilele de vineri, sambata si duminica

(16 – 18 septembrie).

De asemenea, va fi deschisa publicului pentru plimbari gratuite ecluza dintre lacurile Herastrau si Floreasca in intervalul orar 10.00 – 19.00.

Mai mult decat atat, toate teatrele din subordinea Primariei Capitalei vor oferi in perioada 16-18 septembrie, spectacole gratuite tuturor iubitorilor de teatru. Intrarea in incinte se va face in limita locurilor disponibile.

Nici muzeele si Biblioteca Metropolitana, institutii de cultura administrate de Primaria Capitalei, nu se lasa mai prejos si ofera vizitatorilor o serie de expozitii inedite, ateliere de creatie si seri de poezie, toate dedicate Bucurestiului. (Aveti atasat programul expozitiilor si evenimentelor gazduite de insitutiile de cultura din subordinea Municipalitatii)

Si pentru ca de la Zilele Bucurestiului nu ar putea lipsi unul dintre simbolurile Capitalei, Arcul de Triumf – Primaria Capitalei invita toti doritorii sa viziteze gratuit acest obiectiv.

Astfel, sambata, 17 septembrie 2011, intre orele 16,00-22,00 si duminica, 18 septembrie 2011, intre orele 14,00-18,00, se poate vizita terasa Arcului de Triumf si cele patru expozitii permanente: “Marea Unire de la 1918″,

“Heraldica marilor familii boieresti ale Bucurestilor”, “Marele razboi al reintregirii neamului, Arcul de Triumf”

pics from :

http://www.enational.ro/online-live/vezi-ce-trupe-concerteaza-la-zilele-bucurestiului-86402.html/

http://activegirl.wordpress.com/tag/zilele-bucurestiului/

This lunch will create a good competion betwen the luxury car companies such as traditional Rolls-Royce.

 Bugatti has confirmed that it will put the Galibier, the ultimate family four-door, into production.

The Galibier was first unveiled as a concept in 2009 – complete with eight tailpipes – but Bugatti has stopped short of giving it the green light for production. Until now.

Speaking to German motoring magazine ‘Auto Motor Und Sport’, Bugatti boss Wolfgang Durheimer confirmed that the car will be built, with an asking price “significantly higher” than the £1.1 million Veyron.

It will be powered by the same 8.0-litre, 16-cylinder engine found in the Veyron, possibly using only two turbochargers instead of the usual four.

It will still be incredibly fast, with between 800- and 1,000bhp, but Bugatti will ensure that refinement is above anything else currently available.

bugatti-1-000bhp_family_car

Durheimer confirmed that production will be in much higher numbers that the Veyron, which was capped at 300 units. It’s thought that 1,200 to 1,500 will ultimately be made, the first arriving as early as winter 2012.

It will be four-wheel drive, like the Veyron, and have an interior hand made from the best quality leather and wood available.

Bugatti is liable to make a loss from every Galibier, despite its astonishing price, but it will be justified because the car will pioneer technology that will eventually filter down into other VW Group cars, including Bentleys, Audis and Volkswagens.

Source : yahoo news

Colliure Castle France

From Argeles sur Mer

The echidna is an unusual mammal. It has remained unchanged since prehistoric times but has found ways to survive while other species became extinct. The main difference between the echidna apart and other mammal’s is that echidnas lay eggs The only other egg-laying mammal which is the same family with Echidnas is the duck-billed platypus, another animal native to Australia.

Echidnas also known as spiny anteaters belong to the family Tachyglossidae in the monotreme order of egg-laying mammals. There are different types of them:

Short-beaked Echidna

Long-beaked echidna

Western Long-beaked Echidna

Sir David’s Long-beaked Echidna

Eastern Long-beaked Echidna

echidna_wild

In 1991, a fossil tooth of a 61-million-year-old platypus was found in southern Argentina (since named Monotrematum, though it is now considered to be an Obdurodon species).

Molecular clock and fossil dating gives a wide range of dates for the split between echidnas and platypuses, one survey putting the split at 19–48 million years ago, another putting it at 17–89 million years ago. All these dates are more recent than the oldest known platypus fossils, suggesting that both the short-beaked and long-beaked echidna species are derived from a platypus-like ancestor.

Habitat

Because of the small varieties of food which Echidnas eat which are ants and termites so Echidnas are found only in Australia from the highlands to deserts to forests, or remotely in New Guinea, Papua – Cyclops Mountain forest habitat The Echidna has no fixed home and can be found in a variety of shelters from rocks to wood, small caves, dents or even under bushes

The Echidna found in Australia is the Short-beaked Echidna

The Echidna is found all over Australia and can survive a range of temperatures and habitats. Though mostly nocturnal, in mild weather they can be seen during the day, but if the weather is extreme (either very cold or hot) Echidnas will stay in shelter. (under rocks, fallen timber or burying themselves in the ground)

Echidna_big_picture

Echidna (mythology)

In the most ancient layers of Greek mythology, Echidna was called the “Mother of All Monsters” because most of the monsters in Greek myth were the offspring of Echidna and her husband Typhon. Echidna was described by Hesiod as a female monster spawned in a cave, who mothered with her mate Typhoeus (or Typhon) almost every major horrible monster in the Greek myths,

… the goddess fierce Echidna who is half a nymph with glancing eyes and fair cheeks, and half again a huge snake, great and awful, with speckled skin, eating raw flesh beneath the secret parts of the holy earth. And there she has a cave deep down under a hollow rock far from the deathless gods and mortal man. There, then, did the gods appoint her a glorious house to dwell in: and she keeps guard in Arima beneath the earth, grim Echidna, a nymph who dies not nor grows old all her days.

According to Apollodorus, Echidna was the daughter of Tartarus and Gaia, while according to Hesiod, either Ceto and Phorcys or Chrysaor and the naiad Callirhoe were her parents. Another account says her parents were Peiras and Styx (according to Pausanias, who did not know who Peiras was aside from her father. Echidna was a drakaina, with the face and torso of a beautiful woman (depicted as winged in archaic vase-paintings) and the body of a serpent, sometimes having two serpent’s tails. She is also sometimes described, as Karl Kerenyi noted, in archaic vase-painting, with a pair of echidnas performing sacred rites in a vineyard, while on the opposite side of the vessel, goats were attacking the vines: thus chthonic Echidnae are presented as protectors of the vineyard.

The site of her cave Homer calls “Arima, couch of Typhoeus”.When she and her mate attacked the Olympians, Zeus beat them back and punished Typhon by sealing him under Mount Etna. However, Zeus allowed Echidna and her children to live as a challenge to future heroes. Although to Hesiod (Theogony above), she was an immortal and ageless nymph, according to Apollodorus, Echidna used to “carry off passers-by”, until she was finally killed where she slept by Argus Panoptes, the hundred-eyed giant.

^{(wikipedia – Echidna–mythology)}

Description

An echidna is a solitary creature. It may be active during the day, evening, or both, depending on the season and food sources. The short-beaked echidna Tachyglossus aculeatus has dark fur that is almost completely hidden by a covering of hollow, barbless quills, called spines, on its back and sides.

The echidna’s short legs aren’t made for running but for digging. The hind legs point backwards, with an extra-long claw on the second toe that can be used to “comb” or scratch out dirt and bugs that get in between the echidna’s spines.

Echidnas are small mammals that are covered with coarse hair and spines. Superficially they resemble the anteaters of South America and other spiny mammals like hedgehogs and porcupines. They have snouts which have the functions of both mouth and nose. Their snouts are elongated and slender. They have very short, strong limbs with large claws and are powerful diggers. Echidnas have a tiny mouth and a toothless jaw. They feed by tearing open soft logs, anthills and the like, and use their long, sticky tongue, which protrudes from their snout, to collect their prey. The Short-beaked Echidna’s diet consists largely of ants and termites, while the Zaglossus species typically eat worms and insect larvae.

An Echidnas body is covered with two types of hair, a short coarse hair to keep them warm and long sharp spines each being a single hair but hard – like to our fingernails in composition or human hair – .The coloring and length of their hair differs depends on climate and habitat

In size Echidnas are between 35 – 45 cms long and weigh anything between 2-7 kg.

The Echidnas feet have sharp claws for digging and though like the Platypus the male has a spur on its ankle, it is not poisonous. They make a sniffing noise as they search for food

Long-beaked_Echidna

The long-beaked echidnas have tiny spines on their tongues that help capture their prey.

Echidnas and the Platypus are the only egg-laying mammals, known as monotremes. The female lays a single soft-shelled, leathery egg twenty-two days after mating and deposits it directly into her pouch. Hatching takes place after ten days; the young echidna, called a puggle, then sucks milk from the pores of the two milk patches (monotremes have no nipples) and remains in the pouch for forty-five to fifty-five days at which time it starts to develop spines. The mother digs a nursery burrow and deposits the puggle, returning every five days to suckle it until it is weaned at seven months.

Wild_shortbeak_echidna

Male echidnas have a four-headed penis. During mating, the heads on one side “shut down” and do not grow in size; the other two are used to release semen into the female’s two-branched reproductive tract. The heads used are swapped each time the mammal copulates.

Contrary to previous research, the echidna does enter REM sleep, albeit only when the ambient temperature is around 25°C.

Evolution

Molecular clock and fossil dating suggest echidnas split from platypuses 19–48 million years ago. Echidnas evolved from water-foraging ancestors which returned to living completely on the land, even though this put them in competition with marsupials. Because of this, it has been suggested that “oviparous reproduction in monotremes confers advantages over marsupials, a view consistent with present ecological partitioning between monotremes and marsupials.”

Types :

Zaglossus

The three living Zaglossus species are endemic to New Guinea. They are rare and are hunted for food. They forage in leaf litter on the forest floor, eating earthworms and insects. The species are:

• the Western Long-beaked Echidna (Zaglossus bruijni), of the highland forests
• Sir David’s Long-beaked Echidna (Zaglossus attenboroughi), described in 1961 and preferring a still higher habitat
• the Eastern Long-beaked Echidna (Zaglossus bartoni), of which four distinct subspecies have been identified

The two fossil species are:

• Zaglossus robustus
• Zaglossus hacketti

Tachyglossus

The Short-beaked Echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus) is found in southeast New Guinea and also occurs in almost all Australian environments, from the snow-clad Australian Alps to the deep deserts of the Outback, essentially anywhere that ants and termites are available. It is smaller than the Zaglossus species, and it has longer hair.

Megalibgwilia

The genus Megalibgwilia is known only from fossils:

• Megalibgwilia ramsayi from Late Pleistocene sites in Australia
• Megalibgwilia robusta from Miocene sites in Australia

Breeding

Before mating season the female Echidna develops a pouch which usually occurs in July and August.

Couple of weeks (3-4 weeks) after the matting the female digs a burrow and lays 1 soft leathery like egg into this pouch.To hatch it takes around 10 days

As Platypus baby, the young is blind, hairless,and attaches itself to a milk patch on its mothers skin inside the pouch and suckles for the next 8 to 12 weeks

Once spines develop on the young Echidna can live the pouch and then  stays in the burrow.

Still the female Echidna comes back and regularly lets the young Echidna suckle for the next 6 months

Baby Echidnas are called a “puggle”

Enemies & Defense mechanism:

When an Echidna when it feels threatened she can :

• Run away on its short stubby legs if on a hard surface such as a road or rocks
• Curl itself into a ball protecting its softer underbelly, and only showing sharp spines to its threat
• Burrows down below the surface of the soil showing only its spines along its back, and holding on below the surface with its claws thus resisting being pulled out of the ground

Enemies:

• Man especially the motor car kills hundreds every year
• Dingoes, foxes as well as feral cats and dogs are also responsible for deaths
• Bushfires and Droughts are a natural enemy.

Interesting facts:

• In 1991, a fossil tooth of a 61-million-year-old platypus was found in southern Argentina .Molecular clock and fossil dating gives a wide range of dates for the split between echidnas and platypuses, one survey putting the split at 19–48 million years ago, another putting it at 17–89 million years ago.
• Both the short-beaked and long-beaked echidna species are derived from a platypus-like ancestor.
• Echidnas and the Platypus are the only egg-laying mammals, known as monotremes
• Though like the Platypus the male has a spur on its ankle, it is not poisonous
• Echidnas can swim. They don’t like the heat.
• The tiny echidna baby is called a puggle. It’s smaller than a jellybean.
• Male echidnas have a four-headed penis.

Profetia numelui (Onomantia):

In mitologia greceasca, grecii antici credeau  ca soarta noastra este in primul rand influentata de numele pe care il purtam.

Grecii credeau ca numele are puterea de a ne influenta destinul si foloseau ca metoda de predictie analiza primei litere a prenumelui

Asa luat nastere  metoda de predilectie a viitorului numita  onomantia (sau onomomantia).
Onomantia este o arta bazata pe analiza numelui. Numele sau provine din cuvintele grece?ti “onomic”, care inseamna “nume” ?i “manteia” inseamna profetie..

Onomantia (intalnita si ca onomomantie) este o arta divinatorie care se bazeaza pe analiza numelui. Denumirea deriva din greaca veche, unde “onoma” inseamna nume, iar “manteia” - profetie. Aceasta disciplina era intens practicata in vremurile de demult cu scopul de a descifra destinul omului si, uneori, chiar pentru a-l determina. Primii si cei mai inflacarati sustinatori ai onomantiei au fost adeptii lui Pitagora.

De la greci, practica a fost preluata mai tarziu de romani, care aveau chiar si un dicton – “Nomen omen” – care in traducere libera ar insemna “Numele atrage soarta“. Acestia erau atat de convinsi de puterea numelui de a influenta mersul lucrurilor, incat au extins aplicatiile onomantiei inclusiv asupra localitatilor. Geograful antic Pomponius Mela nota in lucrarea “De chorographia” ca autoritatile romane au schimbat numele unui oras ilir proaspat cucerit, pentru a-l face mai favorabil Romei (este vorba despre actualul port albanez Durres ).

Prima litera a prenumelui. Una dintre cele mai folosite metode onomantice este analiza primei litere a prenumelui uzual. Prenumele uzual nu este neaparat cel inscris in cartea de identitate, ci cel cu care ni se adreseaza zilnic rudele, prietenii, colegii. Puterea lui de influenta e foarte mare, iar dintre toate literele care-l compun, prima are cel mai mare impact. Ea aduce informatii pretioase despre caracterul si temperamentul nostru, despre felul in care reactionam la stimulii exteriori, la oportunitatile si obstacolele vietii.

In linii mari, nota dominanta a reactiilor poate fi de natura fizica, mentala, emotionala sau intuitiva. Tind sa raspunda:

• Ø fizic – cei ale caror prenume incep cu D, E, F, M, N, O, V, W, X
• Ø mental – cei ale caror prenume incep cu A, H, J, Q, S, Z
• Ø emotional – cei ale caror prenume incep cu B, C, K, L, T, U
• Ø intuitiv – cei ale caror prenume incep cu G, I, P,  R sau Y

Influenta vocalelor. Una dintre regulile onomantice mai putin cunoscute in ziua de astazi sustine ca daca numele contine un numar par de vocale, imperfectiunile fizice tind sa se manifeste pe partea stanga a corpului, in timp ce un numar impar de vocale conduce la imperfectiuni pe partea dreapta.
Prima vocala, nu numai prima litera a prenumelui, este importanta in onomantie. Prima vocala, de exemplu, ofera indicii interesante cu privire la reactiile instinctive pe care le avem in fata surprizelor, a schimbarilor neasteptate.

Astfel:

A – poate raspunde iritat sau agresiv, tinzand sa respinga ceea ce vine din exterior.
E – primeste foarte bine noul, ba mai mult, atunci cand se plictiseste tinde sa-l provoace.
I – reactioneaza intuitiv, dar cam ilogic si subiectiv, cu posibile regrete ulterioare.
O – reactioneaza lent, este greu de scos din ale sale si cauta sa-si controleze foarte bine emotiile.
U – raspunde cu pasiune, poate un pic teatral, si adesea diferit de cum te-ai astepta.
Cand prima litera a prenumelui se intampla sa fie chiar o vocala, persoana respectiva poate intampina dificultati in a separa logica de emotie, capul de inima.

Ce spun literele despre tine (initiala prenumelui)

Litera A
Imprima o atitudine plina de ambitie si curaj. Cei al caror prenume incepe cu A sunt oameni puternici, independenti si activi. Au o mentalitate de invingator,cauta sa-si impuna vointa si nu se dau batuti in fata capriciilor sortii. Sunt
directi si urmaresc obiective precise.Le place sa actioneze pe cont propriu,in mod ferm si original.Sunt creativi, iubesc viata si natura.

Defecte: Cele mai vizibile sunt impulsivitatea, agresivitatea, incapatanarea, lipsa de finete si egoismul. Uneori, mai pot aparea scepticismul, aroganta si
critica.
Litera B
Imprima o atitudine discreta si moderata. Oamenii B sunt sensibili, emotivi,uneori timizi sau retrasi. Au insa un suflet insetat de dragoste si prietenie,sunt afectuosi, loiali si intelegatori. Lucreaza bine in colaborare si sunt
mult mai eficienti in a desavarsi decat in a initia. Cauta pacea si armonia, apreciaza arta, muzica si frumusetea si sunt deseori dotati cu fantezie si talent.

Defecte: Nehotararea si nesiguranta, mai ales atunci cand se incearca sa fie compensate prin lacomie si posesivitate. Lenea, lasitatea sau tendinta la compromis sunt alte cateva defecte ale lor.

Litera C
Imprima o atitudine inteligenta si sintetica. Cei al caror prenume incepe cu C sunt mandri, hotarati si ambitiosi. De regula au o minte scaparatoare si spontana si excelente abilitati de comunicare. Pot repera rapid esenta unei
probleme si gasi cele mai eficiente rezolvari. Sociabili si foarte expresivi, au priza la public.Pun pret pe prietenie, fiind amici sinceri, generosi si devotati.

Defecte: Neglijenta, nepasare, dezorganizare. Uneori, lipsa de rusine sau de scrupule.Avand multe interese, risca sa-si risipeasca timpul si energia.

Litera D
Imprima o atitudine practica si organizata. Cei ale caror prenume incep cu D sunt oameni cu o mare vointa, organizati si tenace. Capacitatea lor de a se focaliza asupra telurilor este uluitoare. Au autoritate, simt practic si financiar, sunt buni in pozitii de conducere sau in afaceri. Conceptiile lor sunt solide si conformiste, iar sentimentele, durabile. Multi sunt pasionati de plante si
gradinarit.

Defecte: In situatii tensionate pot deveni fixisti, radicali, incapabili de concesii, rigizi si uneori de o indaratnicie prosteasca. Tendinte la posesivitate, gelozie.

Litera E
Imprima o atitudine indrazneata si inventiva. Oamenii de tip E sunt deschisi si adaptabili. Invata repede si au abilitati de comunicare. Nevoia de libertate este foarte mare – se simt bine cand pot sa-si largeasca orizontul: sa se miste, sa calatoreasca, sa acumuleze noi cunostinte.

Sunt plini de resurse, talentati, creativi si originali. Au un puternic instinct sexual, sunt pasionati si seducatori.

Defecte: Multe persoane al caror prenume incepe cu E tind sa fie iresponsabile, inconstante, frivole. Altele mai pot fi irascibile si aprige la manie.

Litera F
Imprima o atitudine energica si decisa. Oamenii de tip F sunt impetuosi,puternici si fascinanti. Indiferent ca se remarca in bine sau in rau, nu pot trece neobservati. Le place sa uimeasca si sa fie admirati. Sunt inteligenti, au o logica excelenta, sunt harnici, priceputi si buni profesionisti. Au o sexualitate viguroasa si tanjesc dupa adrenalina. Sunt prieteni buni si statornici.

Defecte: Pot avea reactii excesive si pot ajunge in situatii extreme. Desi au o personalitate forte, sunt predispusi la anxietate si depresie.

Litera G
Imprima o atitudine intreprinzatoare si perspicace. Oamenii al caror prenume incepe cu G au o parere buna despre sine si multa incredere in capacitatile proprii. Sunt hotarati, practici, perseverenti, ageri la minte si razbatatori.
Au convingeri ferme, indrazneala si aptitudini de lider. Se pricep sa speculeze oportunitatile ivite, au adesea noroc de bani si cuceresc usor atentia sexului opus.

Defecte: Li se reproseaza adesea tupeul, aroganta, incapatanarea si uneori lipsa de scrupule. Pot ascunde insa multe frustrari si framantari interioare.

Litera H
Imprima o atitudine autonoma si motivata. Cei al caror prenume incepe cu litera H urmaresc sa detina controlul, sa acumuleze putere si bani. Au o personalitate
puternica si dominanta, dar sunt totodata prudenti, rezervati si abili. Dotati cu spirit de observatie si o gandire profunda, actioneaza in baza unor planuri
chibzuite si nu renunta pana nu-si ating obiectivele. Iubesc natura si sportul.

Defecte: Pot dezvolta tendinte obsesive si manipulatoare. In anumite situatii se inchid in sine sau devin sceptici, banuitori, ranchiunosi, extremisti, tiranici.

Zeus_Oplympus

Litera I
Imprima o atitudine idealista si creativa. Oamenii de tip I sunt romantici si emotivi. Majoritatea au simt estetic si inclinatii artistice, iubesc armonia, eleganta si confortul. Sunt afectuosi si intelegatori cu cei din jur, dar nu le place ca acestia sa interfereze cu libertatea sau cu planurile lor. Sunt inteligenti, insa le lipseste simtul practic si curajul. Au o buna rezistenta fizica.

Defecte: Cand nu se simt in siguranta, pot avea caderi nervoase, schim bari bruste de stare de spirit, devin timizi, irascibili si se ofenseaza usor.

Litera J
Imprima o atitudine sincera si foarte bine intentionata. Persoanele al caror prenume incepe cu J sunt inteligente, au imaginatie si talent. Le face placere sa fie de folos si sa-i ajute pe ceilalti si se straduiesc sa se faca placute.
Sunt increzatoare, optimiste si au aspiratii inalte, uneori chiar mai inalte decat le permit posibilitatile. Au o inima calda, sunt generoase si loiale celor dragi.

Defecte: Isi gasesc greu o motivatie, riscand sa-si risipeasca talentele. Nu prea au simtul prevederii, ceea ce le expune la situatii neplacute.

Litera K
Imprima o atitudine ambitioasa si inspirata. Oamenii de tip K sunt intuitivi, creativi si vizionari. Au o minte scaparatoare, o gandire percutanta si rapida, capabila sa gaseasca solutii ingenioase. Pot avea talent in mai multe domenii.
Sunt mandri si constienti de valoarea lor. Cauta succesul, il merita si cel mai adesea il obtin, capatand un plus de autoritate, respect si popularitate.

Defecte: Latura negativa, pe care incearca din rasputeri sa o mascheze, este caracterizata de tensiuni nervoase, ezitari, temeri, lipsa de incredere.

Litera L
Imprima o atitudine increzatoare si sociabila. Cei al caror prenume incepe cu L sunt isteti, curiosi si comunicativi. Se misca mult, calatoresc frecvent, se muta in alte locuri etc. Nu suporta nici un fel de constrangeri. Sunt plini de
resurse, au diverse aptitudini, dar le lip seste viteza de reactie necesara specularii oportunitatilor. Sunt senzuali, insa tind sa-si treaca emotiile prin filtrul mental.

Defecte: Au tendinta de a acumula tensiuni, pe fondul carora pot dezvolta o tendinta la adictii si excese, predispusi la accidentari. Leonardo DiCaprio -in topul celor mai vanati burlaci.

Litera M
Imprima o atitudine constructiva si optimista. Persoanele M sunt responsabile, tenace si muncitoare, dar stiu sa se bucure si de viata. Realiste si practice, acorda o mare importanta sigurantei financiare. Au insa o fire afectuoasa, sunt atasate de familie, dornice de dragoste, generoase si receptive la problemele celor din jur. Invata repede, au curaj si sunt capabile sa-si modeleze personalitatea.

Defecte: Oamenii ?M? sunt cam pripiti si iuti la manie. Pot avea accese de incapatanare si, in unele privinte, viziuni prea conservatoare.

Litera N
Imprima o atitudine sociabila si comunicativa. Oamenii de tip N sunt facuti sa traiasca in cuplu, sa aiba multi prieteni si o activitate sociala bogata.
Amabili, veseli si originali, atrag sim patia. Le place sa se distreze si pot da impresia de frivolitate, dar in realitate sunt inteligenti, abili, planificati si-si urmaresc bine interesele. Sunt norocosi, atrasi de mister si foarte senzuali.

Defecte: Pot fi nelinistiti, disimulanti, derutanti si inclinati catre schimbari frecvente, purtarea lor dandu-le celor apropiati o senzatie de nesiguranta.

Litera O
Imprima o atitudine hotarata si responsabila. Oamenii de tip O au vointa, convingeri puternice, scopuri clare si simtul datoriei dezvoltat. Totusi, au o inima entuziasta, porniri erotice intense si pot ajunge in situatia de a trebui sa aleaga intre sentiment si datorie. Au nevoie de dragoste, dar vor sa-si pastreze independenta. Sunt inteligenti si dornici sa invete.

Defecte: Pot avea tendinta de a le da celorlalti cam multe indicatii. Uneori actioneaza impulsiv. Sunt gelosi si posesivi.

Litera P
Imprima o atitudine inteleapta si stabila. Cei al caror prenume incepe cu P sunt oameni puternici, laboriosi si prolifici. Foarte inteligenti, sunt adesea inclinati spre studiu, cultura sau spiritualitate. Sunt insa firi mai retrase, care nu socializeaza cu prea multa tragere de inima si care-si selecteaza atent anturajul. Cu toate astea, fac impresie, au influenta, iar parerile lor sunt
ascultate.

Defecte: Pot fi distanti, aroganti, secretosi sau lipsiti de buna vointa si rabdare fata de ceilalti. Uneori sunt rigizi, lacomi sau foarte posesivi.

Litera Q
Imprima o atitudine ingenioasa si originala. Cei (putini, de altfel) al caror prenume incepe cu Q sunt plini de idei, intuitivi si inspirati. Multi dintre ei au preocupari neobisnuite, sunt atrasi de mistere si subiecte neconventionale.
Au o personalitate puternica si capacitatea de a-i fascina si influenta pe ceilalti, dar sunt greu de cunoscut si de analizat. Se pricep la afaceri si atrag banii.

Defecte: Pot fi dificili, complicati si ascunsi. Cand sunt stresati, creeaza multa tensiune in jur. Uneori vorbesc prea mult, plictisindu-i pe ceilalti.

Litera R
Imprima o atitudine determinata si reflexiva. Cei al caror prenume incepe cu R sunt profunzi, au spirit analitic si multa dorinta de cunoastere. Au un suflet bun, sunt milosi si gata sa puna umarul la indeplinirea unei cauze nobile.
Interesele lor par a fi mai mult spirituale decat materiale. Sunt muncitori si seriosi, dar ating reusita doar in urma unei straduinte constante.

Defecte: Au framantari interioare, tind sa fie fragili emotional, nervosi si iritabili. Pot fi expusi la pierderi de bani sau de posesiuni.

Litera S
Imprima o atitudine instinctiva si generoasa, sunt buni cu cei din jurul lor. Cei al caror prenume incepe cu S prezinta o personalitate forte, au sentimente puternice si ambitii inalte. Sunt inteligenti,ageri, patrunzatori, intuitivi si imaginativi. Ambitia ii motiveaza si ii ajuta sa-si focalizeze energiile.
Destinul lor este adesea presarat cu obstacole, lupte si framantari. Au o extraordnara putere de lupta atat mentala cat si fizica.

Defecte: Emotivitatea si nervozitatea, care ii tensioneaza si-i imping la reactii neadecvate,dar numai pe perioade scurte de timp. Nestapanirea, nerabdarea, lipsa de prevedere.

Litera T
Imprima o atitudine dinamica si sociabila. Oamenii de tip T sunt puternici, vivace, spontani, ingeniosi si constructivi. Nu pot sta pe loc; trebuie sa avanseze, sa evolueze, sa creeze, sa fondeze. Au initiativa, decizie rapida, aptitudini pentru organizare si comanda. Totusi, sunt dependenti de ceilalti, de afectiunea si sprijinul lor. Au mare nevoie de dragoste, familie, prieteni si colaboratori.

Defecte: Au o tendinta spre agresivitate (mai ales verbala, dar nu numai) si isi pot pierde destul de repede controlul. Se ofenseaza usor.

Litera U
Imprima o atitudine metodica si superioara. Cei al caror prenume incepe cu litera U sunt organizati, muncitori, practici si performanti. Ii atrage insa si cunoasterea, spiritualitatea, misterul si pot avea talent artistic. Adesea sunt in impas, nestiind cum sa se imparta intre tendintele materialiste si cele idealiste, deopotriva de puternice. Au o parere foarte buna despre sine si le
place la nebunie sa fie adulati.

Defecte: Sunt egoisti, teatrali, ingamfati si laudarosi. Le place sa critice.
Au o nesiguranta interioara care ii poate impinge catre adictii.

Litera V
Imprima o atitudine respectabila si impozanta. Cei al caror prenume incepe cu V au planuri marete, dar urmaresc implinirea lor in mod prudent, tenace si planificat. Dotati cu o inteligenta vie, intuitie si inspiratie, au o mare
capacitate de anticipare, ce poate fi luata drept spirit profetic. Sunt responsabili, eficienti, loiali si onorabili. Au emotii puternice, pe care cauta sa le controleze.

Defecte: Le lipseste flexibilitatea si se adapteaza greu la schimbari. Sunt acaparatori, posesivi si gelosi, iar uneori pot deveni chiar cruzi. Vanessa Paradis si Johnny Depp formeaza unul dintre cele mai stabile cupluri de la
Hollywood .
Litera W
Imprima o atitudine expresiva si adaptabila. Oamenii W sunt curiosi, prietenosi,plini de farmec, vioi, inteligenti si comunicativi. Sunt consecventi in urmarirea scopurilor, dar abili si flexibili in metodele aplicate pentru a le
atinge.

Defecte: pot fi dezordonati, delasatori, instabili si imprevizibili.

Litera X
Imprima o atitudine inflacarata si senzuala, magnetism si un inepuizabil apetit erotic, vitalitate si spirit intreprinzator. Sunt creativi, comunicativi si lideri innascuti.

Defecte: Inclinatia catre placeri si excese, dependente si risipa. Pot fi nepasatori, neseriosi sau iresponsabili.

Litera Y
Cei al caror prenume incepe cu Y sunt pasionali, independenti, dinamici si curajosi, dar si intuitivi, sensibili si creativi. Au inclinatii romantice sau idealiste. Sunt emotivi si romantici. Au o buna rezistenta fizica.

Defecte: Pot avea dificultati in luarea deciziilor. Au reactii bruste si schimbari subite de dispozitie.

Litera Z
Imprima o atitudine increzatoare si combativa. Cei al caror prenume incepe cu Z sunt curajosi si competitivi. Cauta puterea si faima. Pot avea interese financiare sau politice, dar daca sunt motivati din punct de vedere
psiho-emotional, pot atinge succesul in orice domeniu, inclusiv artistic sau sportiv. Au instincte bune, o intuitie ascutita si o inteligenta iscoditoare.
Sunt oameni pasionati, fascinanti si plini de forta.

Defecte: Acestia au defectele comune firilor puternice: tind sa fie incapatanati, pripiti, nesupusi, impulsivi si inclina sa-i comande sau sa-i controleze pe cei din jurul lor, situatie care poate crea tensiuni.

English version :

Prophecy name (Onomantia)
In Greek mythology, ancient Greeks believed that our fate is primarily influenced by the name you wear.
The Greeks believed that the name has the power to influence our destiny as a method of prediction and analysis using the first letter of surname
So was born the method of choice for the future called onomantia (or onomomantia).
Onomantia is an art based on name analysis. Its name comes from the Greek words “onoma,” meaning “name” and “railings” means prophecy ..
Onomantia (seen as onomomantie) is an art that relies on analysis divinatorie name. The name derives from ancient Greek, where “onoma” means name and “railings” – prophecy. This subject was extensively practiced in ancient times in order to decipher the human destiny and sometimes even to determine. The first and most ardent supporters were followers of Pythagoras onomantiei.

For the Greeks, the practice was taken over later by the Romans, who had even a saying – “nomenclature omen” – which in free translation meaning “name attracts fate.” They were so convinced of the power to influence the course name things that have expanded onomantiei applications including localities. Geographer Pomponius Mela ancient note in the paper “The chorographia” that Romanian authorities have changed the name of an Illyrian town conquered fresh, to make it more favorable to Rome (it is present Durres).

The first letter of surname. One of the most common analysis methods onomantice is usually the first letter of surname. Common first name written in is not necessarily the identity card, but one that we address every day relatives, friends and colleagues. The power of influence is very great, and of all the letters that compose it, the first has the greatest impact. She brings valuable information about our character and temperament, how they react to external stimuli, opportunities and obstacles of life.

In general, the dominant note of the reactions may be physical, mental, emotional or intuitive. Tend to respond:
Ø physically – those whose last name begins with D, E, F, M, N, O, V, W, X
Ø mental – those whose surname begins with A, H, J, Q, S, Z
Ø emotional – those whose surname begins with B, C, K, L, T, U
Ø intuitive – those whose surname begins with G, I, P, R or Y
The influence of vowels. One of the rules onomantice less known today said that if the name contains an even number of vocal, physical imperfections tend to manifest on the left side of the body, while an odd number of vowels leads to imperfections on the right side.
First Voice, not just the first letter of surname is important onomantie. The first voice, for example, provides interesting clues about the instinctive reactions that we have in front of surprises, the unexpected changes.

Thus:

A – can answer irritated or aggressive, tending to reject what comes from outside.
E – gets very new, even more, when it tends to provoke bored.
I – respond intuitively, but rather illogical and subjective, with possible subsequent regret.
O – reacts slowly, is difficult to remove from his and looking to control their emotions very well.
U – respond with passion, perhaps a little theatrical, and often different from how you’d expect.
When the first letter of first name happens to be just one voice, the person may have difficulty separating the logic of emotion, the head of the heart.

What do the letters about you (original surname)
Letter A
Print an attitude full of ambition and courage. Those whose last name begins with A are men strong, independent and active. They have a winning mentality, seeking to impose their will and not give up before the vagaries of fate. Are
direct and objective follow precise.Le like to act on their own, firmly and original.Sunt creative, love life and nature.

Defects: The most visible are impulsivity, aggression, stubbornness, selfishness and lack of finesse. Sometimes can occur skepticism, arrogance and
critical.
B
Print a discreet and moderate attitude. B People are sensitive, emotional, sometimes shy or withdrawn. Have but one soul thirsts for love and friendship, are affectionate, loyal and understanding. Work well together and are
more efficient in order to perfect than to initiate. Find peace and harmony, appreciate art, music and beauty and are often gifted with imagination and talent.

Defects: indecision and uncertainty, especially when they try to compensate by greed and possessiveness. Laziness, cowardice and tendency to compromise their are several other defects.

Letter C
Print attitude and artificial intelligence. Those whose last name begins with C are proud, determined and ambitious. Usually have a brilliant mind and excellent communication skills and spontaneous. Can quickly pinpoint the essence of a
problems and find the most effective solution. Sociable and very expressive, they jack the price on friendship public.Pun being friends honest, generous and devoted.

Defects: negligence, carelessness, disorganization. Sometimes, lack of shame or scrupule.Avand many interests, risks wasting his time and energy.

D
Print attitude and organized practice. Those whose last name begins with D are people with great will, organized and tenacious. Their ability to focus on goals is amazing. Authoritative, practical and financial sense, are good in management positions or in business. Their concepts are solid and conformist, and feelings, durable. Many are passionate about plants and
gardening.

Defects: under pressure can become fixisti, radicals, unable concessions, rigid and sometimes a stubborn fool. Trends in possessiveness, jealousy.

Letter E
Print a bold and inventive approach. People type E are open and adaptable. Learn quickly and have good communication skills. The need for freedom is very high – you can feel good to broaden horizons: to move, to travel, acquire new knowledge.
I am resourceful, talented, creative and original. Have a strong sexual instinct, are passionate and seductive.

FAULTS: Many people whose name begins with E tend to be irresponsible, inconsistent, frivolous. Others may be irritable and bitter to anger.

Letter F
Print an energetic attitude and decisively. F-People are impetuous, strong and fascinating. Whether it stands the better or worse, not be overlooked. They like to surprise and be admired. I am intelligent, have excellent logic, are hardworking, skilled and highly professional. They have a vigorous sex and crave adrenaline. Are good friends and steadfast.

Drawbacks: Can be excessive reactions and can get into extreme situations. Although they have a strong personality, are prone to anxiety and depression.

Letter G
Print entrepreneurial attitude and insightful. People whose last name begins with G have a good opinion of himself and confident in their abilities. Are determined, practice, perseverance, quick-witted and razbatatori.
They have strong convictions, courage and leadership skills. Know how to exploit opportunities arising, often have money luck and easily conquer the opposite sex’s attention.

Drawbacks: They are often reproaching nerve, arrogance, stubbornness and sometimes lack of scruples. They can hide but many frustrations and inner turmoil.

Letter H
Print an autonomous and motivated attitude. Those whose last name begins with the letter H aim to have control, to accumulate power and money. They have a personality
strong and dominant, but are also cautious, and clever book. Equipped with a spirit of observation and deep thinking, acting under plans
wisely and not to give up goals. I love nature and sports.

Drawbacks: Can develop obsessive and manipulative tendencies. In some situations, close itself or become skeptical, suspicious, rancorous, extreme, tyrannical.

Zeus_Oplympus

Letter I
Print an idealistic and creative attitude. Type I people are romantic and emotional. Most were keen aesthetic sense and artistic inclinations, I love harmony, elegance and comfort. I am affectionate and understanding with others, but they do not like to interfere with freedom or their plans. I am intelligent, but lack common sense and courage. Have good stamina.

Defects: When you do not feel safe, can have nervous breakdown, intra sudden mood bar, become timid, irritable and easily offended.

J
Print a sincere and well intentioned attitude. People whose last name begins with J are smart, have imagination and talent. We are pleased to be useful and to help others and try to make nice.
I am confident, optimistic and have high aspirations, sometimes even higher than they allow for the possibility. They have a warm heart, generous and loyal to their loved ones.

Drawbacks: They are hard motivation and risk wasting his talents. Have little sense of the provision, which sets out the situations.

Letter K
Print an ambitious and inspiring attitude. K people are intuitive, creative and visionary. They have a brilliant mind, quick thinking and shock, able to find ingenious solutions. May have talent in several areas.
I am proud and aware of their value. Find success it deserves and most often we get, assuming an additional authority, respect and popularity.

Defects: the negative side, they try hard to disguise, is characterized by nervous tension, hesitation, fear, lack of confidence.

Letter L
Print a confident and sociable attitude. Those whose last name begins with L are smart, curious and talkative. Move more, travel frequently, so move elsewhere. Not support any constraints. Are filled
resources have different skills, but Lip band currently required reaction speed speculation opportunities. I am sensual, but tend to pass through the filter of mental excitement.

Defects: tendency to accumulate tensions, amid which may develop a tendency to addictions and excesses, prone to injuries. Leonardo DiCaprio, among the most hunted bachelors.

Letter M
Print a constructive and optimistic attitude. M People are responsible, tenacious and hard working, but I know and enjoy life. Realistic and practical, attach great importance to financial security. Have but a loving nature, are attached to the family willing to love, generous and responsive to the problems of others. Learn quickly, have courage and are able to shape personality.

Defects: People? M? are too hasty and hot tempered. May have bouts of stubbornness and, in some ways, too conservative vision.

Letter N
Print a sociable and communicative. People of type N are made to live as a couple, have friends and a rich social activity.
Kind, cheerful and original draw Sat pati. They like to have fun and give the impression of frivolity, but in reality they are intelligent, skilled, better plan and pursue their interests. I am lucky, very sensual and attracted to mystery.

Drawbacks: Can be restless, hidden, confusing and prone to frequent changes, carrying their loved ones by giving them a feeling of insecurity.

Letter A
Print a determined and responsible attitude. Type people have willpower, strong convictions, clear goals and developed sense of duty. However, have a heart enthusiastic, intense and erotic impulses can reach the situation of having to choose between feeling and duty. They need love but want to remain independent. Are intelligent and eager to learn.

Drawbacks: Can I have a tendency to give others a little more guidance. Sometimes acts impulsively. I am jealous and possessive.

Letter P
Print attitude wise and stable. Those whose last name begins with P are powerful people, laborious and prolific. Very smart, are often inclined to study, culture or spirituality. May natures are withdrawn but that does not socialize too much reluctantly and who carefully selects his entourage. However, do impressions, have influence, and their views are
heard.

Drawbacks: Can be aloof, arrogant, secretive and lacking in good will and patience towards others. Sometimes they are stiff, very greedy or possessive.

Letter Q
Print an ingenious and original attitude. Those (few, in fact) whose name begins with Q are full of ideas, intuitive and inspired. Many of them have unusual interests, are attracted to mysteries and unconventional topics.
Have a strong personality and capacity to fascinate and influence others, but are difficult to known and analyzed. Good at business and attract money.

Drawbacks: Can be difficult, complicated and hidden. When stressed, creates much tension around. Sometimes talk too much, bored and others.

Letter R
Print a determined attitude and reflection. Those whose last name starts with R are deep, analytical mind and have more desire to know. Have a good soul, are compassionate and ready to put shoulder to the fulfillment of worthy causes.
Their interests seem to be more spiritual than material. Are workers and serious, but achieve success only after a constant endeavor.

Defects: The inner turmoil, tend to be fragile emotional, nervous and irritable. Can be exposed to losses of money or possessions.

Letter S
Print an instinctive attitude and are generally kind to those around them. Those whose last name begins with S has a strong personality, have strong feelings and high ambitions. I am intelligent, shrewd, insightful, intuitive and imaginative. Ambition motivates them and helps them focus their energies.
Their destiny is often strewn with obstacles, struggles and turmoil. They have a power struggle extraordnara both mental and physical.

Defects: emotions and nervousness, tension and who push them to inappropriate reactions, but only for short periods of time. Nestapanirea, impatience, lack of foresight.

Letter T
Print a dynamic and sociable attitude. T-Men are strong, vivid, spontaneous, ingenious and constructive. I can not stand still, must move forward, evolve, create, build. Have initiative, quick decision, organization and command skills. However, are dependent on others for affection and support. They need love, family, friends and collaborators.

Drawbacks: They have a tendency to aggression (mostly verbal, but not only) and can lose control very quickly. It is easy to offend.

U
Print a superior attitude and methodology. Those whose last name begins with the letter U are organized, workers, practice and performance. But also attracts knowledge, spirituality, mystery and may have artistic talent. Often in trouble, not knowing how to divide between the idealistic and materialistic tendencies, both strong. Have a high opinion of himself and them
love to be worshiped.

Drawbacks: There are selfish, theatrical conceit and boastful. They love to criticize.
They have an inner insecurity that might push the addiction.

Letter V
Print a respectable and imposing attitude. Those whose last name begins with V have great plans, but follow their fulfillment in a prudent, tenacious and planned. Endowed with a keen intelligence, intuition and inspiration, have a great
predictive capacity that can be taken as prophetic spirit. Are responsible, efficient, loyal and honorable. Have strong emotions, which seeks to control them.

Drawbacks: They lack flexibility and adapt to changes difficult. Are predatory, possessive and jealous, and sometimes can even be cruel. Vanessa Paradis and Johnny Depp form one of the most stable couples in
Hollywood.

Letter W
Print expressive and adaptable attitude. People W are curious, friendly, charming, lively, intelligent and communicative. Are persistent in pursuing goals, but skilled and flexible in the methods used to it
achieve.

Defects: can be messy, laisser faire, unstable and unpredictable.

Letter X
Print a fiery attitude and sensual magnetism and an inexhaustible appetite erotic vitality and entrepreneurial spirit. They are creative, communicative and natural leaders.

Defects: the pleasures and excesses slope dependent and waste. Can be careless, frivolous or irresponsible.

Letter Y
Those whose last name begins with Y are passionate, independent, dynamic and courageous, but also intuitive, sensitive and creative. Romantic or idealistic inclinations were. There are emotional and romantic. Have good stamina.

Defects: I have difficulty making decisions. Reactions were sudden and sudden mood changes.

Letter Z
Print confident and combative attitude. Those whose last name begins with Z are brave and competitive. Find the power and fame. May have financial or political interests, but if they are motivated in terms
psycho-emotional, can achieve success in any field, including art and sports. They have good instincts, intuition and a sharp inquiring intelligence.
People are passionate, fascinating and full of strength.

Drawbacks: They have strong natures common defects: tend to be stubborn, rash, disobedient, and impulsive and inclined to order or to control those around them, which might create tensions.

Localizare:

Comuna Lopatari este situata in partea de nord-est a judetului Buzau, pe cursul superior al piriului Slanic, la sud est de muntele Penteleu si la o distanta de 56 km. de municipiul Buzau avand ca “vecini” la est comuna Minzalesti, la sud cu comuna Chiliile, la vest si nord-vest cu comuna Gura Teghii, iar la nord cu judetul Vrancea.

life_fire_focul_viu_lopatari_terca_buzau_romania

„ Focul Viu” este un fenomen natural, asemeni Vulcanilor noroiosi, datorat emanatiei de gaze naturale din pamant, care ies la suprafata prin fisurile si crapaturile scoartei, arzand cu flacara ce se ridica pana la aproape un metru, cu un diametru la baza de 20-30 cm, flacarile ard aprinse fiind de razele solare.(sau localnici daca ploua puternic iar focul se stinge .. :) ..) Flacarile nu sunt vizibile cand presiunea cu care ies gazele e mica.

Descriere fenomen :

Fenomenul este deosebit de interesant în timpul noptii.

Daca doriti sa vizitati, fiti optimisti si nu va asteptati sa gasiti ceva amenajat pentru ca este  neamenajata si complet uitata de autoritati , locul in paragina si cu gunoaie prin prejur.

Cum se ajunge :

Dinspre Buzau :

Prin Buzau se iese spre Maracineni – Sapoca-Manzalesti-Lopatari- Terca. Puteti sa o luati si prinBerca, dar drumul Barca- Manzalesti nu este bun.

Pe traseu spre comuna Terca se trece pe langa linga o alunecare de teren , iar de aici pe partea dreapta a drumului veti observa indicatorul :

Cautati un loc unde sa parcati masina, pentru ca nu se poate urca decat pe jos.

Recomandabil e sa lasati masina la sfarsitul comunei Lopatari daca nu aveti o masina de tren sau care este mai ridicata de la sol si de acolo pe jos, nu mai mult de o ora jumate.

Din centrul satului Terca, va trebui sa continuati traseul pe jos. Traversati raul Slanicul pe punte si  in fata veti observa  un drum de tractor, ce incepe intre 2 garduri.

NU intrati pe acesta, luati-o in stanga imediat dupa ce traversati podetul (sau in susul raului), iar pe langa ultima casa se face o carare ce incepe sa urce.

Dupa cateva  minute de urcare gasiti urmatorul semn :

Continuati urcusul pana cind ajungeti intr-o poiana. Aici drumul se desparte in 2 La aceasta intersectie trebuie sa o luati inainte (drumul din stanga) pana cand vedeti un teren parjolit

Coordonate GPS : N 45,53578 / E 26,54857

Dinspre Brasov :

De la Brasov se iese pe DN 10 spre Intorsura Buzaului – Nehoiu –Buzau.

In apropiere de Nehoiu se urmeaza drumul  la stanga spre Lopatari (ajunsi acolo vedeti descrierea de la ruta Buzau –Lopatari).Drumul din Nehoiu continua ca DN 10 spre Buzau .

Alte Obiective turistice in zona :

Pe teritoriul comunei se afla lacurile Mocearu, lacul Limpede, iar in apropiere ( 2 km.) lacul Meledic si rezervatia cu acelasi nume.

Itinerar_Mociaru_Focul_Viu_Meledic_schita

VULCANII –Noroiosi, Lacul Mociaru, Platoul carstic Meledic, Lacul Mare, Tabara Meledic, intrari in reteaua de pesteri in sare, Marea Dolina

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fast_five_cover_wide

Various artists.

1. How We Roll (Fast Five Remix)- Don Omar, Busta Rhymes, Reek da Villian and J-doe
2. Desabafo/Deixa Eu Dizer – Marcelo D2/Claudia
3. Assembling the Team – Brian Tyler
4. L. Gelada-3 Da Madrugada – MV Bill
5. Carlito Marron – Carlinhos Brown
6. Han Drifting – Hybrid
7. Million Dollar Race featuring “Popozuda Rock N’ Roll” – Edu K and Hybrid
8. Mad Skills – Brian Tyler
9. Batalha – ObandO
10. Danza Kuduro – Don Omar featuring Lucenzo
11. Follow Me Follow Me (Quem Que Caguetou (Fast 5 Hybrid Remix) – Tejo, Black Alien and Speed
12. Fast Five Suite – Brian Tyler
13. Furiously Dangerous – Ludacris featuring Slaughterhouse and Claret Jai

Danza Kuduro – Don Omar featuring Lucenzo sound track

Don Omar – Danza Kuduro ft. Lucenzo_fast five movie soundtrack

Trasfagarasan road is build between Vidraru and DN7C , and connect the south of country with Transylvania.

The Transfagarasan road takes your breath away then this will be it and  is a truly unforgettable experience. The route climbs up to an altitude of 2034 meters and links Transylvania with it’s neighbouring province Muntenia, and offer spectacular views, from the highest peak in Romania, Moldoveanu.

The Transfagarasan road it dates back to 1970.At that time the former Romanian dictator Ceausescu ordered the construction of a route which would allow their military to easily cross the mountainous area should they need to protect the borders of Romania The Transfagarasan route was then built (also known as the DN7C), to this day still one of the highest roads in Europe.

The roads can be driven either from north to south or vice versa. The route is divided by a tunnel through the mountains which is almost 890 meters long and completely unlit. On the highest level the contrast is amazing between  the northern side where the view is barren and snowy, compare with the southern is lush and green and noticeably warmer. The road it has also 27 viaducts and bridges, very tight corners, and narrow roads and due to those corners and th difficulty of the road the average speed to be at 50 km / hour

On the way also can be visited the Poienari fortress, is recognized as one of the residences of Vlad Tepes (Dracula), a great fortress built in the way of the Ottoman invaders. Being situated on a mountain, the ruins are seen with a panoramic Vidraru Dam and Fagaras. To visit this city is required crossing a road with more than 1000 steps.

Vizualizare harta marita
The  Transfagarasan practically starts from the Vidraru Dam, which is also a marvel of the “ communistic era  “  this lake (dam) is builded between mountains and it is one of the biggest man made Dam in Romania

Balea lake glaciar lake2

Vidraru Lake is a lake, with 465 million cubic meters of water, with a length of 10.3 km and a width of 2.2 km, thus accumulating a total area of 870 hectares and maximum depth of 155 meters. Underground power station is situated in massive Cetatuia to a depth of 104 meters and can provide annual energy production of 400 GWh.

Vidraru Lake is a reservoir lake created in 1965 on the  Arges River for electricity production.

Situated between the mountains and the Massif Ghitu brow, lake gathers the waters of rivers Capra, Buda and several direct tributaries (River Lady, and Valsan Cernatul, topology, Valea lui Stan and clear), with a total flow of about 5.5 m3 / s .

(POZE_VIDRARU)

The total area of the lake is 893 ha, length of 10.3 kilometers, maximum width of 2.2 km in the Wolf Valley – mantis and a circumference of 28 km.
Maximum water depth is 155 m high curved dam near 166 m with a length of 307 meters crown. Water volume is 465 million m³. The normal retention is 830.00 meters above sea level (mdM).

Vidraru dam construction took five years and a half starting in 1960 . For this achievement, it took 42 km of underground tunnels were excavated 1.768 million m3 of rock, of which about 1 million underground bands have 930,000 m3 of concrete of which 400,000 m3 underground and also were installed 6300 tonnes of electromechanical equipment.

On completion it was located, measured in height, approximately the 8th place in Europe and ranked 20th in the world.

On Lake Vidraru can practice extreme sport of bungee jumping

In an average hydrological year, Vidraru hydroelectric power plant located underground, can produce approximately 400 GWh of electricity. It has an installed capacity of 220 MW.

The town of Curtea de Arges coming to DN1 (Cartisoara village, SB), the road passing through hydropower plant to Vidraru the dam, followed by right lake is spectacular Vidraru Transfagarasan (DN7C).

Mount Plesa was famous statue of Prometheus by lightning in his hand, a symbol of electricity. Only a few hundred meters of the dam tourists can go to the House Argeseana “and the pier where the practice of leisure boat racing.

(POZE_VIDRARU)

On th top of the Road, at one of the most higher altitude lies Balea Lake

Balea glacial lake which was formed in cirque, is a true wonder of nature, and  lies between the river Olt valey  and Piatra Craiului Mountain . Balea Lake reaches a length of 360 meters, a width of 240 meters and a depth of 11 meters and is situated at an altitude of 2034 meters. Since 1932, so the entire surface of the lake and about 180 acres around it were declared scientific reserve. It should be recalled that during 2006 and near the lake, was built first ice hotel in Eastern Europe.

Balea waterfall, another marvel of nature, is situated in the Fagaras Mountains, concerns of one of the most famous waterfalls in Romania. Balea waterfall is at an altitude of 1234 meters and the water flows from a height of 68 meters.

(POZE_BALEALAC)

It is best to plan carefully when to take on this drive as it usually closes from October until June, although it’s not uncommon for it to close for some time over the summer months also due to snowfall! At times the drive can seem a little isolated and remote, so best to carry out all the checks to make sure the car is up to the challenge before you set off, and no matter what the season, warm clothing is a must. It may sound like quite a bit of planning, however once you get going you will be rewarded with one of the most amazing and unforgettable drives you can experience.

Announcements:

National Company for Motorways and National Roads of Romania announced that the DN section 7C – Transfagarasan on the 104 km + 000 (Piscu Black) – km 130 + 800 (Cabana Balea Cascada) will be open to traffic since July 1, 2011

Official file sources :

http://www.cestrin.ro:8080/restrictii/restrictii/1106/Bucuresti.mht (search for DN7C Transfagarasan)

“Compania Nationala de Autostrazi si Drumuri Nationale din România a comunicat ca tronsonul DN 7C – Transfagarasan pe sectorul km 104 + 000 (Piscu Negru) – km 130 + 800 (Cabana Bâlea Cascada) va fi deschis circulatiei incepand cu 1 iulie 2011 “

Transfagarasanul este inchis partial pe sectorul de drum cuprins intre km 104 (Piscu Negru) si km 131 (Cabana Bâlea Cascada) pana la 30 iunie 2010.

DN7 – Transfagarasan va fi inchis pe perioada sezonului rece pe portiunea cuprinsa intre km 104+000 (Piscu Negru) si km 130+800 (Cabana Balea Cascada), se arata intr-un comunicat al Companiei Nationale de Autostrazi si Drumuri Nationale.

Circulatia este inchisa in conformitate cu regulamentul de functionare a drumului national DN 7C – Transfagarasan, instituit ca urmare a faptului ca in aceasta perioada conditiile meteorologice nefavorabile pot periclita siguranta circulatiei.

overview transfagarasean

More pictures also here:

http://niceplaces.ro/forum/index.php?topic=51.15

trasfagarasan_munte_overview_to_vidraru_dam_baraj_vidraru

Top Gear In Romania Transfagarasan Sezon 14

1.Derweze (DARVAZA) Gas Crater In Turkmenistan – Door to Hell

Derweze (Turkmen language: The Gate, also known as Darvaza) is a Turkmenistan village of about 350 inhabitants, located in the middle of the Kara-Kum desert, about 260 km north from Ashgabat. Locals have named the cavern The Door to Hell

In the Karakum desert in Turkmenistan,  is a hole 328 feet wide that has been on fire. For almost 40 years it has constantly been active. This hole is known as the Darvaza Gas Crater or the “Gates of Hells” by locals, the crater can be seen glowing for miles around.

 

The hole is the outcome not of nature but of an industrial accident which has occured In 1971 when a Soviet drilling rig accidentally punched into a massive underground natural gas cavern causing the ground to collapse and the entire drilling rig to fall in. 

The ground beneath the drilling rig collapsed, leaving a large hole with a diameter of about 70 metres (230 ft) at 40°15?10?N 58°26?22?E? / ?40.25264°N 58.43941°E? / 40.25264; 58.43941? (The Gates of Hell).

The Derweze area is rich in natural gas.

To avoid a potential environmental catastrophe, the Soviets set the hole on fire. Next to capturing the gas, flaring is safer and friendlier to the environment than releasing the methane into the atmosphere, as methane is a relatively potent greenhouse gas with a high global warming potential of 72 (averaged over 20 years) or 25 (averaged over 100 years).

The crater hasn’t stopped burning since.

 

..

Not far from the burning crater are two other craters of similar origin. These craters are not burning as the gas pressure is much weaker. At the bottom of one of these craters is light grey mud while the last crater contains a turquoise lake. This lake prevents further attempts at drilling. Not far from the burning crater are several dormant wells

See also other articles related with burning holes :

“Living Fire” – Life fire from Lopatari – Buzau Romania (click here)

Related articles :

Top BIG Holes in the Earth

Sources of pics and text : Wikipedia and Flickr

(http://www.flickr.com/photos/joshua_kucera/1573286518/sizes/z/in/gallery-tamil-72157622589255742/;

http://www.flickr.com/photos/fotravel/697414731/sizes/l/in/gallery-tamil-72157622589255742/)

Characteristics :

Komodo dragons are the world’s heaviest living lizards on Earth and it can grow 10 feet long and have a weight of over 150 pounds, with an average length of 8 feet (2.5 meters) and weight of 200 lbs (91 kg.). Usually females are under 8 feet and weigh about 150 lbs. (68 kg.), making them the largest lizard around today.

Is also known as Varanus komodoensis.

They are ferocious, rapacious carnivores who can ambush and bring down a water buffalo with their jagged teeth and huge claws. It’s not even enough that their toothy mouths are awash with both venom and a soup of bacteria that almost always causes serious or fatal infection in bite wounds.

It is able to see as far away as 300 metres (980 ft), but because its retinas only contain cones, it is thought to have poor night vision. The Komodo dragon is able to see in color, but has poor visual discrimination of stationary objects.

The Komodo dragon uses its tongue to detect, taste, and smell stimuli, as with many other reptiles, with the vomeronasal sense using the Jacobson’s organ. With the help of a favorable wind and its habit of swinging its head from side to side as it walks, Komodo dragons may be able to detect carrion from 4–9.5 kilometers (2.5–6 mi) away. The dragon’s nostrils are not of great use for smelling as the animal does not have a diaphragm .It only has a few taste buds in the back of its throat. Its scales, some of which are reinforced with bone, have sensory plaques connected to nerves that facilitate its sense of touch. The scales around the ears, lips, chin, and soles of the feet may have three or more sensory plaques.

Habitat: This ferocious lizard lives on the Indonesia Islands – Komodo, Komodo, Rinca, Flores, Gili Motang and Gili Dasami. It lives in hot dry conditions with not much vegetation. The Komodo Dragons live near the ocean on the islands because they can swim from one island to another.  To build shelter, Komodo Dragons dig burrows in the dirt to sleep in at night.  These islands are the only place the Komodo Dragon is found in the world

The natural habitat of Komodo dragons is extremely harsh by human standards.   These arid volcanic islands have steep slopes and little available water most of the year. 

Recent research suggests that the large size of komodo dragons may be better understood as representative of a relict population of very large varanid lizards that once lived across Indonesia and Australia, most of which, along with other mega fauna, died out after the Pleistocene. Fossils very similar to V. komodoensis have been found in Australia dating to greater than 3.8 million years ago

komodo_dragon_speeding

Evolution:

The development of the Komodo dragon started with the Varanus genus, which originated in Asia about 40 million years ago and migrated to Australia. Around 15 million years ago, a collision between Australia and Southeast Asia allowed the varanids to move into what is now the Indonesian archipelago, extending their range as far east as the island of Timor. The Komodo dragon was believed to have differentiated from its Australian ancestors 4 million years ago. However, recent fossil evidence from Queensland suggests that the Komodo dragon evolved in Australia before spreading to Indonesia. Dramatic lowering of sea level during the last glacial period uncovered extensive stretches of continental shelf that the Komodo dragon colonized, becoming isolated in their present island range as sea levels rose afterwards.(Wikipedia source)

A Komodo dragon with its long tail and claws fully visible

Diet:

Komodo dragons are carnivores. Although they eat mostly carrion they will also ambush live prey with a stealthy approach. Their diet consists of carrion, deer, pigs, and smaller dragons.  Komodo Dragons have even been known to prey upon and eat humans.   When suitable prey arrives near a dragon’s ambush site, it will suddenly charge at the animal and go for the underside or the throat. It is able to locate its prey using its keen sense of smell, which can locate a dead or dying animal from a range of up to 9.5 km (6 miles).Komodo dragons have been observed knocking down large pigs and deer with their strong tail.

The way they catch their prey is they sit motionless for hours on end until a small animal walks by then the Komodo Dragon snatches them with it’s mouth or claws.

The Komodo is carnivorous and cannibalistic and it has a prodigious appetite

They are opportunistic feeders and will eat anything they can overpower including small dragons and small or injured humans (dragons make up to 10% of their diet).

An eyewitness account revealed that a 101 lb (46 kg.) dragon ate a 90 lb. (41 kg.) pig in 20 minutes.  As a comparison, a 100 lb. person would have to eat 320 quarter pound hamburgers in less than 20 minutes to keep up with the dragon

Komodo dragons eat by tearing large chunks of flesh and swallowing them whole while holding the carcass down with their forelegs. For smaller prey up to the size of a goat, their loosely articulated jaws, flexible skull, and expandable stomach allow it to swallow its prey whole. The vegetable contents of the stomach and intestines are typically avoided.^.Copious amounts of red saliva that the Komodo dragons produce help to lubricate the food, but swallowing is still a long process (15–20 minutes to swallow a goat). A Komodo dragon may attempt to speed up the process by ramming the carcass against a tree to force it down its throat, sometimes ramming so forcefully that the tree is knocked down. To prevent itself from suffocating while swallowing, it breathes using a small tube under the tongue that connects to the lungs. After eating up to 80 percent of its body weight in one meal, it drags itself to a sunny location to speed digestion, as the food could rot and poison the dragon if left undigested for too long. Because of their slow metabolism, large dragons can survive on as little as 12 meals a year. After digestion, the Komodo dragon regurgitates a mass of horns, hair, and teeth known as the gastric pellet, which is covered in malodorous mucus. After regurgitating the gastric pellet, it rubs its face in the dirt or on bushes to get rid of the mucus, suggesting that it, like humans, does not relish the scent of its own excretions.

Mating occurs between May and August, with the eggs laid in September. During this period, males fight over females and territory by grappling with one another upon their hind legs with the loser eventually being pinned to the ground. These males may vomit or defecate when preparing for the fight. The winner of the fight will then flick his long tongue at the female to gain information about her receptivity. Females are antagonistic and resist with their claws and teeth during the early phases of courtship. Therefore, the male must fully restrain the female during coitus to avoid being hurt. Other courtship displays include males rubbing their chins on the female, hard scratches to the back, and licking. Copulation occurs when the male inserts one of his hemipenes into the female’s cloaca.Komodo dragons may be monogamous and form “pair bonds”, a rare behavior for lizards.

The female lays her eggs in burrows cut into the side of a hill or in the abandoned nesting mounds of the Orange-footed Scrubfowl (a moundbuilder or megapode), with a preference for the abandoned mounds.Clutches contain an average of 20 eggs which have an incubation period of 7–8 months.Hatching is an exhausting effort for the neonates, who break out of their eggshells with an egg tooth that falls off soon after. After cutting out the hatchlings may lie in their eggshells for hours before starting to dig out of the nest. They are born quite defenseless, and many are eaten by predators.

Young Komodo dragons spend much of their first few years in trees, where they are relatively safe from predators, including cannibalistic adults, who make juvenile dragons 10% of their diet. According to David Attenborough, the habit of cannibalism may be advantageous in sustaining the large size of adults, as medium-sized prey on the islands is rare.When the young must approach a kill, they roll around in fecal matter and rest in the intestines of eviscerated animals to deter these hungry adults. Komodo dragons take about three to five years to mature, and may live for up to 50 years.

 Population Size: There are only around 3,000 to 5,000 Komodo Dragons left in the wild.

 Other lizards from same  Family: Komodo Dragons are part of Agmids family.They  are usually known as dragons or old world iguanas.  Some related lizards are:  the Chameleon Dragon, the Bearded Dragon, and Thorny Devils.

News !!!

According to BBC (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/8056040.stm), Komodo dragons HAVE a venomous bite!

“Previously it was thought the Komodo’s mouth harboured virulent bacteria that quickly infected and subdued prey.

But an analysis of Komodo specimens has shown a well-developed venom gland with ducts that lead to their large teeth.

The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences report shows that rather than using a strong bite force, Komodos keep a vice-like grip on their prey.

In this way, the venom can seep into the large wounds they make with their teeth.

The work is a follow-up to a 2006 study by Bryan Fry of the Australian Venom Research Unit at the University of Melbourne.

The study showed that known venomous lizards, such as the Gila monster of the south-western US, were in the same lineage as Komodo dragons.

It went on to describe how the venom systems in the lizards and snakes actually came from a common ancestor.

Members of the same team have now used a computer simulation to model the skulls of Komodo dragons. They found that their bite was only one-sixth as strong as that of the Australian saltwater crocodile, which has a similarly-sized skull.

Instead, Komodo skulls seem optimized to withstand stress along their length – that is, to resist prey that is pulling away.

Further, the team took MRI scans of Komodo heads, identifying a large venom gland and ducts that lead to spaces between the animals’ teeth “

 Interesting Facts !!!

Recently was discovered that Komodo dragons HAVE a venomous bite!

A dragon will allow other dragons to cross its territory ONLY when they are on a food run. 

Dragons maintain burrows within their core ranges and occasionally males will swim from island to island over long distances.

They regulate their body temperature (thermoregulation) Various physiological responses to controlling body temperature.

Komodo Dragons have developed a forked tongue to be able to detect the smell of decaying flesh kilometers away from where it is. 

They have adapted  to be able to eat 60% of their body weight in one sitting because sometimes they don’t get meals very often and they can extract 80% of they water they need from their prey in times of drought on the island. 

They are capable of running rapidly in brief sprints up to 20 kilometres per hour (12.4 mph), diving up to 4.5 metres (15 ft), and climbing trees proficiently when young through use of their strong claws.To catch prey that is out of reach, the Komodo dragon may stand on its hind legs and use its tail as a support

Sources of pictures and some info’s:

National Geographic site : animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/…/komodo-dragon/

Wikipedia : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komodo_dragon

Guardian : http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/mar/24/man-mauled-death-komodo-dragon

Even we believe or not, there still are some animals today which they didn’t evolve from the prehistoric edge or maybe just a bit, comparing with most of those species.
The question should be :
There are still prehistoric animals living between us ?
The answer is : CAN be !

If we analyze how some animals evolve in the last thousand of years we can notice that some of them are like in the beginning of their evolutions.

Some examples can be :

1. Hoatzin bird’s
2. Crocodiles
3. Sharks
4. Echidna
5. Platypus
6. Kiwi bird
7. Turtles
8. Sturgeons One of the oldest families of bony fish in existence
9. Elephants
10. The coelacanths, which are related to lungfishes and tetrapods
11. Komodo Dragons

 1. The Hoatzin (Opisthocomus hoazin),

“Also known as the Hoactzin, Stinkbird, or Canje “Pheasant”, is an unusual species of tropical bird found in swamps, riverine forest and mangrove of the Amazon and the Orinoco delta in South America. “ (Wikipedia)

This enigmatic bird is one of the strangest living birds is the hoatzin, which seems to be a link with birds that became extinct millions of years ago, and even shows similarities to the first known bird Archaeopteryx 

Surviving today in the swamps of the Orinoco basin of South America it is a bird as strange and bizarre as its name, hoatzin, and has succeeded in foxing zoologists for years as to the origins of its odd characteristics 

It’s a primitive-looking bird, about the size of a pheasant at about 2 feet long, and it sports a ruddy, spiky, unkempt, 4-inch crest on a small head atop a long bulging neck. The featherless bright-blue face is accented by blood-red eyes and a short, thick beak, reminding me of a punk-rock star. The body is covered in dingy-brown feathers accented by greens, buffs and creamy whites. When the bird spreads its wings, a surprising chestnut color appears on the flanks and underwings. 

The hoatzin hangs around trees near wet areas such as still water, slow-moving creeks, flooded forests, swamps and oxbow lakes. 

Archaeopteryx was the world’s first bird, though it was really nothing more than a lizard with feathers. As far as we can tell it was the first creature ever to be covered with feathers and, although primitive in form, these gave two advantages; firstly allowing a better control of body temperature, and secondly offering possibilities of flight. Both these factors made the animal more versatile and adaptable in its environment than its ancestors. 

Hoatzins are vegetarians, feeding on leaves and buds. Adding to its peculiarity is a unique digestive tract with an enlarged crop in the throat that acts like the rumen in a cow to break down vegetable material through bacterial fermentation. That little digestive trick, however, emits the odor of manure, which has given the bird the nickname “stink bird.” 

Other oddities are the two claws on each wing of a chick. When a chick is in danger, it can drop from the nest to the ground or even into the water and use these claws to clamber up another tree out of sight. 

The claws, unused on adult birds, make the birds appear to be throwbacks to the archaeopteryx, the first birdlike creature from the dinosaur age. Hoatzins aren’t dinosaur birds, of course, but they’re nonetheless odd enough to cause consternation over proper classification. 

Scientists have researched and debated for years the phylogenetic relationship of the hoatzin. Proposals have allied it with such birds as tinamous, cuckoos and doves. Yet despite the hypotheses and DNA sequencing, no one has conclusively solved the mystery of the bird’s exact evolutionary kinship. 

Remains of Archaeopteryx from limestone beds near Solnhofen, Bavaria, dated some 150 million years old, show that claws on the forelimbs were well developed, suggesting that this first bird may have been partly arboreal, using all four limbs for climbing, then spreading the wings to enable it to glide from tree to tree. 

Many features distinguish the hoatzin from other birds, not least of which is its voice which sounds more like a heavy smoker’s wheezing than a bird call. About the size of a rather slender, upright pheasant, the hoatzin has an untidy crest of feathers, blood-red eyes encircled by bright blue skin, a long neck and long tail feathers. But perhaps the most interesting characteristic is the presence of claws on the wings and these, although useless to the heavy adult bird, are employed by the youngster to clamber among the branches near the nest- just as Archaeopteryx must have done so many millions of years ago. 

The main function of the wing claws, it seems, is to assist the young hoatzin in times of crisis. The nest is normally built on branches overhanging water and is thus exposed to the eyes of marauding hawks. It is a rudely constructed platform of short twigs of roughly pencil thickness. If danger threatens, the parents usually abandon the nest for the safety of dense bushes nearby. The chick, left to its own devices, either uses the wing claws to help it clamber through the branches to some inaccessible spot, or dives into the water and emerges farther downstream to clamber back to ‘the nest once the danger has passed. 

Unable to decide whether it is truly primitive or just an evolutionary throwback, scientists have shelved the problem and placed the hoatzin, Opisthocomus hoazin, in a family or even an order all by itself. 

The Hoatzin bird is the only member of the genus Opisthocomus (Ancient Greek: wearing long hair behind, referring to its large crest),^[2] which in turn is the only extant genus in the family Opisthocomidae. The taxonomic position of this family has been greatly debated, and is still far from clear. It is a roughly pheasant-sized bird some 65 cm (25 in), with a long neck and small head. It is brown in colour, with paler underparts and has an unfeathered blue face with maroon eyes, and its head is topped by a spiky, rufous crest. The chicks are unusual in that two of their wing digits possess claws. The Hoatzin is herbivorous, it eats leaves and fruit, and has an unusual digestive system with an enlarged crop which functions as a rumen. The name Stinkbird is related to a strong smell produced by this bird, perhaps due to the consumption of leaves. 

The Hoatzin was originally described by German zoologist Statius Müller in 1776. 

The Hoatzin is arguably the most enigmatic living bird in regard to its phylogenetic relationships. No satisfying evolutionary hypothesis has been proposed, and the situation has actually become worse with the availability of DNA sequence data. 

There has been much debate about the Hoatzin’s relationships with other birds. Because of its distinctness it has been given its own family, the Opisthocomidae, and its own suborder, the Opisthocomi.^[2] At various times, it has been allied with such taxa as the tinamous, the Galliformes (gamebirds), the rails, the bustards, seriemas, sandgrouse, doves, turacos, other Cuculiformes, and mousebirds.^[2] Altogether, it has been most frequently suggested to be related to Galliformes, turacos, or the anis (New World cuckoos). 

History of the debate 

Placement with the gamebirds is historical, based mainly on phenetic considerations of external morphology, which are considered unreliable and generally dismissed today; the gamebirds together with the waterfowl belong to the fowl clade whereas the Hoatzin doesn’t. Cladistic analysis of skeletal characters, on the other hand, supports a relationship of the Hoatzin to the seriema family Cariamidae, and more distantly to the turaco and cuckoo families.^{[citation needed]} However, cuckoos have zygodactyl feet (two toes forward, two backward) and turacos are semi-zygodactylous, whereas the Hoatzin has the more typical anisodactyl foot with three toes forward, one backwards. The evolution of avian dactyly, on the other hand, is not entirely resolved to satisfaction. 

[Show as slideshow]

[View with PicLens]

Behaviour and Feeding

The Hoatzin eats the leaves and to a lesser degree fruits and flowers of the plants which grow in the marshy and riverine habitats where it lives. It clambers around clumsily among the branches, and being quite tame (though they become stressed by frequent visits), often allows close approach and is reluctant to flush. The Hoatzin uses a leathery bump on the bottom of its crop to help balance itself on the branches. It was once thought that the species could only eat the leaves of arums and mangroves, but the species is now known to consume the leaves of over fifty species. One study undertaken in Venezuela found that the Hoatzins diet was 82% leaves, 10% flowers and 8% fruit.^[8] 

One of this species’ many peculiarities is that it has a digestive system unique amongst birds. Hoatzins use bacterial fermentation in the front part of the gut to break down the vegetable material they consume, much like cattle and other ruminants. Unlike ruminants, however, which possess the rumen (a specialized stomach for bacterial fermentation) in the Hoatzin this is the function of the crop (an enlargement of the esophagus). The crop of the Hoatzin is so large as to displace the flight muscles and keel of the sternum, much to the detriment of their flight capacity. Because of aromatic compounds in the leaves they consume and the bacterial fermentation, the bird has a disagreeable, manure-like odor and is only hunted for food in times of dire need. Any feeding of insects or other animal matter is purely accidental.^[9] 

Breeding

Hoatzins are seasonal breeders, breeding during the rainy season, the exact timing of which varies across its range.^[8] Hoatzins are gregarious and nest in small colonies, laying 2-3 eggs in a stick nest in a tree hanging over water in seasonally flooded forests. The chick, which is fed on regurgitated fermented food, has another odd feature; it has two claws on each wing. When disturbed, the chicks drop into the water to escape predation, then use their clawed wings to climb back to the safety of the nest. This has inevitably led to comparisons to the fossil Archaeopteryx, but the characteristic is rather an autapomorphy, possibly caused by an atavism towards the dinosaurian finger claws; the developmental genetics (“blueprint”) of which presumably is still present in the avian genome. 

Relationship with humans

 Though conspicuous, even attractive, at close range due to its bizarre shape and striking colors, unwary and a poor flier, it is not considered endangered. In fact, its survival seems to be more assured than that of many other endemics of its range.^[10] In Brazil, tribal people sometimes collect the eggs for food, and the adults are occasionally hunted, but in general this is rare, as it is reputed to have a bad taste.^[2] While its preferred habitats, mangrove and riverine forest, are disappearing fast in some regions, it is less threatened than terra firme forest, which is the primary target for deforestation in the Amazon. The Hoatzin therefore remains fairly common in a large part of its range. The Hoatzin is the national bird of Guyana.^[11] 

Birds Short Info’s 

The hoatzin could claim the title of the weirdest bird of the Amazon. 

• Name: Hoatzin comes from a Nahuatl or Aztec word meaning pheasant. Folk names include stink bird and Canje pheasant. (Canje is a river in Guyana.) 

• Food: Eighty percent of its diet is leaves; flowers and fruits make up the rest. The hoatzin consumes more than 50 different species of tree leaves. 

• Breeding: Breeds in small colonies during rainy season. Nest constructed of sticks placed in a tree overhanging a stream, lake or flooded forest. 

• Vocalizations: Utters hoarse groans, grunts and wheezes. 

• When to see them: Early morning before they hide under tree shade at midday 

Bibliography:

 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy.2C_systematics_and_evolution#Taxonomy.2C_systematics_and_evolution 

www.texasbirder.net  

http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/life/main/6951905.html 

http://www.lastrefuge.co.uk/data/articles/hoatzin_p1.html 

NEXT :

http://administraresite.edu.ro/

Vacante scolare, an scolar 2011-2012, structura semestrelor,  structura anului scolar 2011- 2012

“Anul scolar 2011-2012 nu mai incepe de pe 15 septembrie, elevii se vor prezenta in prima zi de scoala pe data de 12 septembrie. Cursurile anului scolar 2011-2012 se vor termina pe 23 iunie 2012.Regula va fi ca de acum incolo scoala sa inceapa intr-o zi de LUNI si sa se termine intr-o zi de VINERI.Vacantele vor fi mult mai rare – practic elevii vor avea, incepand din toamna, doar trei vacante fata de patru pana acum.

Semestrul I incepe luni, 12 septembrie 2011 si dureaza pana pe 23 decembrie 2011. Asta inseamna ca toate lucrarile si tezele semestriale trebuie sustinute de elevi pana la aceasta data. Pana acum semestrul I se incheia la sfarsitul lunii ianuarie.

Tezele din semestrul I se dau mai devreme, materia trebuie predata mai repede

Vacanta de Craciun incepe din 24 decembrie si dureaza pana pe 13 ianuarie 2012

Semestrul al II-lea incepe din data de 16 ianuarie 2012 si pana pe 6 aprilie vor fi cursuri.

Vacanta de Paste incepe din 7 aprilie si tine pena pe 22  aprilie

Continua apoi scoala din 23 aprilie pana pe 22 iunie cand se incheie Semestrul al II-lea.Neschimbata ramane vacanta prescolarilor si a elevilor din clasele primare, care au in continuare pauza de o saptamana. Ca o noutate, saptamana dinaintea vacantei de primavara se va numi “scoala altfel”. Nu se vor mai face ore, ci activitati sportive, lectii de gatit sanatos, cursuri de siguranta pe internet.

Vacanta de vara incepe din 23 iunie si tine pana pe 9 septembrie.Pe 10 septembrie va incepe anul scolar 2012-2013.

Vacanta de vara va fi, asadar, mai scurta cu o saptamana. “

Comunicatul Oficial privind noua structura pentru anul scolar 2011 – 2012

Vezi si : zile libere legale 2011 – 2012; sarbatori legale 2011 – 2012 ; sarbatori bisericesti 2011 -2012 ; vacante paste 2012

Aici comunicatul original Ministerul Educatiei

Download in format pdf

 An scolar 2010-2011

Conform Ministerului Educatiei Cercetarii Tineretului si Sportului, structura anului scolar 2010 – 2011 este : (click on link)

Gumpert is a german auto manufacturer .Gumpert started the first model in 2006 Gumpert Apollo, and in 2007 Apollo Sport in 2007

” The apollo is the perfect synthesis of road vehicle and track car. It evokes passion and driving pleasure beyond all expectations: 650 HP, 360 km/h (224 mph) top speed and acceleration from 0 to 100 km/h (0-62 mph) in just 3 seconds, you would have to go a long way to find an alternative to the apollo.

The secret of apollo is an innovative design concept from racing car engineering. The base and symbolic backbone of apollo consists a round tube frame made of top-quality and highly stable chrome-molybdenum-steel with an integrated monocoque safety cell made of high quality carbon fibre screwed directly onto the frame. The 161 kg (355 lbs.) construction design is so effective, so torsion proof and bend resistant that it complies with both the specifications of the European MOT approval and the international manufacture specifications of motor sports (see annex J of the FIA regulations).

” (Gumpert official site)

Ascari A10

“Ascari was founded by Klaas Zwart, a Dutchman, who made his fortune in petrochemicals in Scotland. He sold that company a few years ago and that allowed him to follow his passion for road and racing cars. The Ecosse was named in recognition of what Scotland has done for him,” – Chris Burton, head of sales and marketing

The Ascari A10 is an automobile produced by the British company Ascari Cars that was conceived by Dutch millionaire Klaas Zwart.^[1] It is a road-going evolution of the KZ1-R GT race car currently contesting the Spanish GT Championship, with both cars penned by ex-Formula One designer Paul Brown. It is the third road car produced by the company, after the Ecosse and the KZ1, with the name A10 intended to commemorate the 10th anniversary of the company.

The A10 features a modified 5.0 L BMW V8 engine producing 625 bhp (466 kW), delivered via a six speed sequential manual gearbox, with a regular manual transmission available as an option. The A10 shares the same basic carbon fibre chassis as the KZ1, with all-new bodywork and racing-derived suspension.

Despite the addition of an FIA-spec roll cage and the fire-suppression system, the removal of soundproofing and such luxuries as air conditioning and a stereo system contributes to the A10′s relatively light weight of 1,280 kg (2,822 lb). ^{(source : wikipedia)}

The ASCARI name is a derivation of “Anglo Scottish-Car Industries”.

Ferrari FXX

The Ferrari FXX supercar is manufactured in Italy, along with all other Ferrari’s, and was under production by the end of 2005.

Ferrari is introducing the FXX program, the ultimate fantasy league and by the end of 2006 Ferrari had build only 20 FXX cars (hence the Roman numeral designation) by the end of this year

“This sports car is a great display of new car technology, which includes innovations from Ferrari, along with other companies that have continuously contracted parts in association with the Ferrari brand. The Enzo is the supercar that the FXX is based on, but there are specific functions found on the FXX, that are not found on the Enzo, which makes the FXX a complete car of it’s own accord” (http://www.sportscarcup.com/ferrari-fxx/)

The FXX’s engine is based on the Enzo’s, but displacement has been increased to 6,262 cc (6.3 L; 382.1 cu in) from 5,988 cc (6.0 L; 365.4 cu in). Output has been boosted from the Enzo’s 660 PS (485.4 kW; 651.0 hp), to 800 PS (588 kW; 789 hp) at 8,500 rpm.

The gearbox incorporates the latest developments from Ferrari’s F1 program and has a shift time of under 100 ms. The brake pads were also upgraded from the Enzo. It does, however, retain the Carbon fibre-reinforced Silicon Carbide (C/SiC) ceramic composite discs found on the Enzo. The tires are custom-developed 19 inch slicks.

The FXX features comprehensive data-monitoring and telemetry that not only allows the driver to improve performance, but also provides Ferrari technicians with valuable data to improve the FXX and future road-going Ferraris.

Ferrari has built 30, adding one special edition to the 29 that were originally planned. The original 29 have all been sold to pre-selected past Ferrari customers. The 30th was retained by Ferrari S.p.A. and presented to Ferrari’s F1 World Champion driver, Michael Schumacher, when he retired from Formula One racing at the end of 2006. Schumacher’s FXX differs from others in being black without a stripe, having red trimed wheels, matte rather than chrome exhaust tips, and his personal logo stitched on the racing seats.(sursa : wikipedia)

Sursa pics : wikipedia-ferrari and http://www.sportscarcup.com

More FAST CARS ?

Safest car in the World :

Saroukh el-Jamahiriya

Name of Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi  start to become more and more known to the World since the “Saroukh el-Jamahiriya” was launched

Libya claimed the car as the safest car in the world, called “The Saroukh el-Jamahiriya” (Rocket Libya). So named because the car body is made with a design resembling a rocket. With the aerodynamic design of this car has been owned since 1999 Gaddafi ago.

“Colonel Muammar Gaddafi has invented a sleek James Bond-style car, which Libya says is the safest vehicle on earth”

According to the Muammar, he declare the car as the most safest in the world. The  car is equipped with electronic defense systems. Libya claimed that this car  the car as the safest car in the world

Additionally, the car also features a bumper that is designed resistant to hard impact and air bag. The car can go hundreds of miles on a flat tire, very useful in a Libyan desert. Other safety features include a device to cut off the fuel supply to avoid a fire in difficult situations or accidents

Gaddafi’s car seats five, has a 230-hp V6 and the nose and tail of a rocket.

The official launch was at a conference called the Organization of African Unity and organized by Colonel Gaddafi. The car will  be produced in Tripoli, Libya’s capital

The Saroukh el-Jamahiriya (Libyan rocket) a five-passenger saloon in a metallic Libyan revolutionary green with tinted windows, 17 feet long, more than six feet wide, with a 3-liter, V-6 gasoline engine.

The car has the aerodynamic lines of conventional models but the front and rear ends are rocket-shaped.

Source : BBC news

. Bugatti Veyron: 267 mph, 0-60 in 2.5 secs. Aluminum, Narrow Angle 8 Liter W16 Engine with 1200 hp, base price is $1,700,000. Tested again on July 10, 2010 with the new 2010 Super Sport Version, the Bugatti Veyron once again claimed its title as the fastest car in the world at 267 mph.

2. SSC Ultimate Aero: 257 mph, 0-60 in 2.7 secs. Twin-Turbo V8 Engine with 1183 hp, base price is $654,400. Tested in March 2007 by Guinness World Records, The SSC Ultimate Aero was the fastest car in the world from March 2007 to July 2010 until recently it fell behind the Bugatti Veyron to take the #2 spot.

3. Saleen S7 Twin-Turbo: 248 mph, 0-60 in 3.2 secs. Twin Turbo All Aluminum V8 Engine with 750 hp, base price is $555,000. Smooth and bad-ass, will make you want to show it off non-stop.

4. Koenigsegg CCX: 245 mph, 0-60 in 3.2 secs. 90 Degree V8 Engine 806 hp, base price is $545,568. Made in Sweden, it is aiming hard to be the fastest car in the world, but it has a long way to go to surpass the Bugatti and the Ultimate Aero.

5. McLaren F1: 240 mph, 0-60 in 3.2 secs. BMW S70/2 60 Degree V12 Engine with 627 hp, base price is $970,000. Check out the doors, they looks like bat wings, maybe Batman need to order one and paints it black

6. Ferrari Enzo: 217 mph, 0-60 in 3.4 secs. F140 Aluminum V12 Engine with 660 hp, base price is $670,000. Only 399 ever produced, the price goes up every time someone crashes.

7. Jaguar XJ220: 217 mph, 0-60 in 3.8 secs. Twin Turbo V6 Engine with 542 hp, base price was $650,000. Made in 1992, this car still got what it takes to make the list.

8. Pagani Zonda F: 215 mph, 0-60 in 3.5 secs. Mercedes Benz M180 V12 Engine with 650 hp, base price is $667,321. With a V12 motor, this baby can do much better.

9. Lamborghini Murcielago LP640: 211 mph, 0-60 in 3.3 secs. V12 Engine with 640 hp, base price is $430,000. Nice piece of art, the design is very round and smooth.

10. Porsche Carrera GT: 205 mph, 0-60 in 3.9 secs. Aluminum, 68 Degree, Water Cooled V10 Engine with 612 hp, base price is $440,000. The most powerful and most expensive Porsche  nearly made the list as #10.

Sursa : http://www.thesupercars.org/

List of fastest production cars

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

“Fast Cars” redirects here. For the U2 song, see Fast Cars (song).

This is a progressive history of the world’s fastest street-legal production car over the years (as opposed to concept cars or modified cars).

Comparing claimed speeds of the “fastest car(s) in the world”, especially in historical cases, is difficult due to there being no standardized method for determining the top speed, nor a central authority to verify any such claims. The current title holder, the Bugatti Veyron Super Sport, was certified as such by Guinness World Records for the average top speed achieved on a two-way run, registering 431 km/h (268 mph).

Record holders

6400kph

See also

• History of the automobile
• Land speed record
• List of automotive superlatives

References

1. ^ The Observer’s Book of Automobiles, Fifteenth Edition, 1969, page 137
2. ^ “Ferrari 288GTO”. Retrieved 2011-02-25.
3. ^ “The True Story of Porsche 959″. Retrieved 2011-02-25.
4. ^ “Look at the Wheels on That: Ferrari F40″. Auto Trader. 2006-10-19. Retrieved 2011-01-20.
5. ^ “The Fastest Street Cars — Ever”. MSN Autos. Retrieved 2011-01-20.
6. ^ “Jaguar XJ 220 2dr”. Autocar. Retrieved 2010-10-26.
7. ^ Harry Metcalf (2009-01-12). “Jaguar XFR: 225mph”. Evo. Retrieved 2011-01-20.
8. ^ “McLaren F1″. Retrieved 2011-02-25.
9. ^ “Koenigsegg CCR”. Retrieved 2011-02-25.
10. ^ “Bugatti Veyron”. Retrieved 2011-02-25.
11. ^ “Official: SSC Ultimate Aero World Record Validated by Guinness World Records officials”. Shelby SuperCars. 2007-10-09. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
12. ^ Von Timo Friedmann. “Bugatti Supersport: Der 1200-PS-Boooahgatti auf Rekordfahrt – Auto”. Bild.de. Retrieved 2010-07-04. (German)
13. ^ “Bugatti Veyron 16.4 Super Sport sets land speed record at 267.81 mph!”. autoblog.com. Retrieved 2010-07-04.
14. ^ “Veyron Super Sport hits 267mph”. topgear.com. Retrieved 2010-07-06.
15. ^ “Bugatti Super Sport speed test – Top Gear – BBC”. Top Gear. July 24th, 2010. Retrieved 2011-01-25.

Further reading

• Wood, Jonathan (2005). The Ultimate History of Fast Cars. Parragon Publishing. ISBN 1-4054-5467-9.
• Brown, Langworth; Auto Editors of Consumer Guide (1998). Great Cars of The 20th Century. Publications International. ISBN 0-7853-2523-9.

External links

• “Fastest Car in the world 2011 – Top 10 Fastest Cars in the World”. eCarsBay Used Cars Under 1000. 2011-02-11. Retrieved 2011-02-11.

 Definitions

Megaprojects may be defined as:

• Projects that cost more than US$1 billion and attract a lot of public attention because of substantial impacts on communities, environment, and budgets^[1]
• Projects can also be “initiatives that are physical, very expensive, and public”^[2]

Megaprojects require care in the project development process to reduce any possible optimism bias and strategic misrepresentation^[1]. Examples of megaprojects include bridges, tunnels, highways, railways, airports, seaports, power plants, dams, wastewater projects, Special Economic Zones (SEZ), oil and natural gas extraction projects, public buildings, information technology systems, aerospace projects, and weapons systems.

This list identifies a wide variety of examples of major historic and contemporary projects that meet one or both megaproject criteria identified above.

Aerospace projects

Eurofighter Typhoon

• Airbus A380, a double-deck, wide-body, four-engine airliner manufactured by Airbus, a subsidiary of EADS, the largest passenger airliner in the world (as of 2007)
• Boeing B-52 Stratofortress, the longest-running bomber program in the world with decades of service, one of the largest military aircraft ever built
• Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit (also known as the Stealth Bomber), an American heavy bomber with “low observable” stealth
• Boeing 2707 and Lockheed L-2000 supersonic aircraft projects, initiated in 1963 via a US government-funded competition to build the United States’ first Supersonic Transport (SST), prototypes never built, ultimately canceled due to political, environmental and economic reasons in 1971
• Boeing 747, a wide-body commercial airliner first produced in 1970, often referred to by the nickname Jumbo Jet^[3][4], is among the world’s most recognizable aircraft
• Boeing 787, made in the United States with local and globally sourced parts, is the first major aircraft to be made largely out of composite materials^{[citation needed]}
• Concorde, a supersonic passenger airliner, a product of an Anglo-French government treaty that combined the manufacturing efforts of Aérospatiale and the British Aircraft Corporation, first flown in 1969, Concorde entered service in 1976 and continued commercial flights for twenty-seven years
• Eurofighter Typhoon, a twin-engine canard-delta wing multirole aircraft designed and built by a consortium of three separate partner companies: Alenia Aeronautica, BAE Systems, and EADS, working through a holding company Eurofighter GmbH that was formed in 1986^[5]
• F-22 Raptor, a single seat, twin-engine fifth-generation fighter aircraft manufactured by Lockheed Martin that uses stealth technology
• F-35 Lightning II, a fifth-generation, single-seat, single-engine stealth multirole fighter manufactured by Lockheed Martin, that can perform close air support, tactical bombing, and air defense missions.
• KH-11 reconnaissance satellite, manufactured by Lockheed Corporation, and launched between 1976 and 1990

 Airport projects

Kansai Airport

LAX

Cost will be calculated either an airport project or an airport construction if the project is not explicitly stated on the table.

 Airport construction

Airport	Location	IATA Code	Total Passenger 09-10	Cargo Per Annum	Cost (in US Dollars)
Abu Dhabi International Airport	Abu Dhabi , United Arab Emirates	AUH	9,700,000	Example	Project total – 6.8 billion
Al Maktoum International Airport	Jebel Ali, UAE	DWC		N/A	Project cost – 10 billion.
Amsterdam Airport Schiphol	Amsterdam, Netherlands	AMS	43,570,370	Example
Athens International Airport	Athens, Greece	ATH	16,225,885	Example	Airport cost – 3 billion
Barcelona International Airport	Barcelona, Spain	BCN	29,209,595	Example	Airport cost – 4 billion
Bengaluru International Airport	Bangalore, India	BLR	9,300,000	Example	Airport cost – 600 million
Berlin-Brandenburg International Airport	Berlin, Germany	BER		Example	Airport cost – 4 bilion
Denver International Airport	Denver, Colorado, United States	DEN	50,167,485	Example	Airport cost – 4.8 billion
Hong Kong International Airport	Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China	HKG	45,558,807	Example	Airport cost – 2 billion
Incheon International Airport	Incheon, South Korea	ICN	28,677,161	Example	Phase 1 – 5 billionPhase 2 – 2.6 billion
Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport	Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China	CAN	37,048,712	Example	Airport cost – 3 billion
Kansai International Airport	Japan	KIX	13,516,000	Example	Airport cost – 20 billion
King Shaka International Airport	Durban, Republic of South Africa	DUR	7,500,000	N/A	Airport cost – 1 billion
Kuala Lumpur International Airport	Malaysia	KUL	29,682,093	Example	Airport cost – 3.5 billion
Long Thanh International Airport	Vietnam	N/A		Example	Airport cost – 10 billion estimated
Newark Liberty International Airport	Newark, United States	EWR	33,399,207	Example
Suvarnabhumi Airport	Bangkok, Thailand	BKK	40,500,224	Example	Airport cost – 3.8 billion

Airport expansion

Airport	Project	Location	IATA Code	Total Passenger 09-10	Cargo Per Annum	Cost (in US Dollars)
Beijing Capital International Airport	Terminal 3	Beijing, People’s Republic of China	PEK/BJS	65,372,012	Example	Terminal cost – 3.5 billion
Cape Town International Airport	2010 expansion	Cape Town, South Africa	CPT	7,725,214	Example	Expansion cost – 225 million
Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport	Master expansion project	Mumbai, India	BOM	24,804,766	Example	Expansion cost – 1.9 billion
Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport	Terminal A, B, C, E expansion	Dallas, Texas, United States	DFW	56,030,457	Example	Expansion cost – 3 billion
Diosdado Macapagal International Airport	Terminal expansion	Angeles City, Philippines	CRK	500,000	Example	Expansion cost – 1.2 billion
Dubai International Airport	Terminal 3	Dubai, UAE	DXB	40,901,752	Example	Terminal cost – 4.5 billion
Dublin Airport	Capital development programme	Dublin, Ireland	DUB	20,504,000	Example	Expansion cost – 2.7 billion
Frankfurt Airport	Airport Expansion Program (AEP)	Frankfurt am Main, Hesse, Germany	FRA	50,932,840	Example	Expansion cost – 5.4 billion
Haneda Airport	International Terminal	Tokyo, Japan	HND	61,903,656	Example	Terminal cost – 1.3 billion
Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport	“Focus On the Future” Development Program	Atlanta, Georgia, United States	ATL	88,032,086	Example	Expansion cost – 9 billion
Hong Kong International Airport	Airport Core Programme	Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China	HKG	45,558,807	Example	Project cost – 20 billion
Indira Gandhi International Airport	Terminal 3	New Delhi, India	DEL	25,472,348	Example	Terminal cost – 3 billion
John F. Kennedy International Airport	Airport Redevelopment	New York City, United States	JFK	45,915,069	Example	Expansion cost – 10.3 billion
London Heathrow Airport	Terminal 5	London, United Kingdom	LHR	66,037,578	Example	Terminal cost – 4.3 billion
Los Angeles International Airport	Bradley West program	Los Angeles, United States	LAX	56,520,843	Example	Expansion cost – 1.5 billion
Madrid-Barajas Airport	Terminal 4	Madrid, Spain	MAD	48,250,784	Example	Terminal cost – 7.4 billion
Munich Airport	Terminal 2	Munich, Germany	MUC	32,681,067	Example	Terminal cost – 2 billion
O’Hare International Airport	Modernization Plan	Chicago, Illinois, United States	ORD	64,158,343	Example	Expansion cost – 6 billion
OR Tambo International Airport	Terminal developments	Johannesburg, South Africa	JNB	17,445,271	Example	Expansion cost – 1.5 billion
Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport	Terminal 2E	Paris, France	CDG	57,906,866	Example	Terminal cost – 1.3 billion
Sheremetyevo International Airport	Terminals D, E	Moscow, Russia	SVO	19,329,000	Example

Building projects

Does not include stadium projects; they can be found in the Stadiums section below.

The front facade of the Petronas Twin Towers

The Time Warner Center

• Abraj Al Bait Towers, Mecca, Saudi Arabia (Est. 2010)
• Bank of America Tower (New York City) United States (2009)
• Berlin Hauptbahnhof (Central Station), Berlin, Germany (2006)
• Bibliotheca Alexandrina, Egypt (2002)
• Boeing Everett Factory, United States (1967)
• Burj Khalifa, Dubai, United Arab Emirates (2009)
• Chrysler Building, New York City, United States (1930)
• CN Tower, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (1976)
• Empire State Building, New York City, United States (1931)
• Governor Nelson A. Rockefeller Empire State Plaza, Albany, New York, United States (1978)
• Grand Central Terminal, New York City, United States (1871)
• Grand Egyptian Museum, Giza, Egypt (Est. 2013)
• Great Pyramid of Giza, Giza, Egypt (2551 BC.)
• Jakarta Tower, Jakarta, Indonesia (Est. 2011)
• Library of Congress, Washington DC, United States (1897)
• One World Trade Center, New York City, United States (Est. 2013)
• Palace of the Parliament, Bucharest, Romania (1989)
• Palace of Westminster, London, United Kingdom (1860)
• The Pentagon, Arlington County, Virginia, United States (1943)
• Petronas Towers, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (1998)
• Renaissance Center, Detroit, Michigan, United States (1981)
• Rockefeller Center, New York City, United States (1939)
• Shanghai Tower, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China (Est. 2014)
• Stuttgart 21, Stuttgart, Baden-Württemberg, Germany (est. 2019)
• Taipei 101, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC (2004)
• Shard London Bridge, London, United Kingdom (completed 2012)
• Time Warner Center, New York City, United States (2001)
• Trump International Hotel and Tower (Chicago), Illinois, United States (2009)
• Vehicle Assembly Building, Florida, United States (1966)
• Willis Tower (originally Sears Tower), Chicago, Illinois, United States (1973)
• World Trade Center, New York City, New York, United States (1973)

 Canal projects

Grand Canal of China in Suzhou

• All-American Canal, California, United States
• Arabian Canal, United Arab Emirates
• Central Arizona Project, Arizona, United States
• Sanitary and Ship Canal, Chicago, Illinois, United States
• Danube – Black Sea Canal, Romania
• Erie Canal, New York, United States
• Göta Canal, Sweden
• Grand Canal, China
• Grand Korean Waterway, South Korea
• Kiel Canal, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany, the most heavily used artificial seaway in the world.
• Panama Canal and Panama Canal expansion project, Panama
• Rideau Canal, Ontario, Canada
• Sethu Canal, India
• Suez Canal, Egypt
• Welland Canal, Ontario, Canada

Dam and hydroelectric projects

Below are dam and hydroelectric projects throughout the world that produce significant amounts of electricity, irrigate large areas of land, create some of the world’s largest man-made lakes or have had significant social, environmental, political implications that reached international dimensions. Being some of the most expensive, innovative and difficult engineering feats, these projects include some of the tallest and largest dams in the world.

The Hoover Dam, United States

The Three Gorges Dam, People’s Republic of China

The Itaipu Dam, Brazil/Paraguay

• Akosombo Dam, Ghana
• Aswan Dam, Egypt
• Atatürk Dam, Turkey
• Bakun Dam, Sarawak, Malaysia
• Bhakra Dam, India
• Cahora Bassa, Mozambique
• Churchill Falls Generating Station, Canada
• Guri Dam, Venezuela
• Grand Coulee Dam, United States
• Grande Dixence Dam, Switzerland
• Hirakud Dam, India
• Hoover Dam, United States
• Il?su Dam, Turkey
• Inga Dam, Democratic Republic of the Congo
• Itaipu Dam, Brazil/Paraguay
• James Bay Project, Canada
• Jinping 1 Dam, People’s Republic of China
• Kárahnjúkar Hydropower Project, Iceland
• Manapouri Hydroelectric Power Station, New Zealand
• Manicouagan Project, Canada – see also Manic-2, Manic-3, and Manic-5
• Nagarjuna Sagar Dam, India
• Nurek Dam, Tajikistan
• Sayano–Shushenskaya Dam, Russia
• Snowy Mountains Scheme, Australia
• Tabqa Dam, Syria
• Tarbela Dam, Pakistan
• TaSang Dam, Burma
• Tehri Dam, India
• Tennessee Valley Authority, United States
• Three Gorges Dam, People’s Republic of China
• Xiaowan Dam, People’s Republic of China
• Yacireta Dam, Republica Argentina

 Military projects

The Great Wall of China

• Rock Island Arsenal, United States
• Great Wall of China, People’s Republic of China
• Maginot Line, France
• Hadrian’s Wall, United Kingdom
• Strategic Defense Initiative, United States (never fully implemented)
• Manhattan Project, United States
• Željava Air Base, Croatia/Bosnia and Herzegovina
• 816 Nuclear Military Plant, People’s Republic of China (Closed in 1984)
• Fort Benning, United States
• Boden Fortress, Sweden

Stadiums and sporting venues

The Indianapolis Motor Speedway, largest sports venue in the world.

• Rungrado May Day Stadium, North Korea
• Salt Lake Stadium, India
• Colosseum, Italy
• Beijing National Stadium, Beijing, People’s Republic of China (2008)
• Cowboys Stadium in Arlington, Texas, United States (2009)
• Indianapolis Motor Speedway, Indianapolis, United States
• Citi Field, New York City, United States
• Estadio Azteca, Mexico City, Mexico
• New Meadowlands Stadium in East Rutherford, New Jersey, United States (2010)
• Rogers Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
• Strahov Stadium, Prague, Czech Republic
• Estádio do Maracanã, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
• Yankee Stadium, New York City, United States

International sports infrastructure projects

• Asian Games
• Commonwealth Games
• Cricket World Cup
• FIFA World Cup
• Olympic Games
• Rugby World Cup

 Information technology projects

• Cyberjaya, Malaysia
• Enabling Grids for E-sciencE: Multi-science Grid infrastructure for the European Research Area. Already largest multi-science Grid infrastructure in the world and expected to greatly expand once the LHC is completed.
• NHS Connecting for Health for Britain‘s National Health Service
• Navy/Marine Corps Intranet
• IBM System/360
• The National Broadband Network, a FTTP network under construction in Australia, proposing to reach over 97% of homes and business premises.
• Gujarat International Finance Tec-City, Gujarat India

 Oil and gas projects

The Trans-Alaska Pipeline System runs from the Arctic Ocean to the Gulf of Alaska

• Gorgon gas project, Australia
• South Stream pipeline, Europe
• Athabasca oil sands, Canada
• Corrib Gas Project, Ireland
• Hibernia oil field, Canada
• Nord Stream, Europe
• South Stream, Europe
• Sakhalin-I, Russia
• Trans-Alaska Pipeline System, United States
• Peregrino, Brazil
• Jamnagar Refinery, India
• Nabucco pipeline, Europe
• Troll A platform, Norway
• Ormen Lange pipeline, Norway, United Kingdom

 Port projects

The port of Miami, the world’s largest cruise port.

• Punta Colonet in Baja California, Mexico
• Port Newark-Elizabeth Marine Terminal, United States
• Port of Rotterdam, Netherlands
• Yangshan port, People’s Republic of China
• Port of Hambantota, Sri Lanka
• Port of Sines, Portugal
• Nhava Sheva, India
• Port of Los Angeles, United States
• Port of Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
• Port of Miami, United States
• Port of South Louisiana, United States

 Rail and rapid transit projects

Dubai Metro

Grand Central Terminal

• Athens Metro, Athens, Greece
• Bay Area Rapid Transit System, San Francisco Bay Area, California, United States
• Beijing Subway, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
• Betuweroute, Netherlands
• Bucharest Metro, Bucharest, Romania
• Canada Line in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
• Center City Commuter Connection, Philadelphia, United States
• Cochin Metro, Kerala, Cochin, India
• Crossrail, London, United Kingdom
• Chennai Metro, Chennai, India
• Channel Tunnel, (French: Le tunnel sous la Manche), known colloquially as the Chunnel, is a 50.5-kilometre (31.4 mi) undersea rail tunnel linking Folkestone, Kent near Dover in the United Kingdom with Coquelles, Pas-de-Calais near Calais in northern France beneath the English Channel at the Strait of Dover.
• Chicago Transit Authority, Chicago, United States
• Delhi Metro, New Delhi, India
• Dubai Metro in Dubai, United Arab Emirates
• Gautrain in Gauteng, South Africa between Johannesburg and Pretoria
• Gotthard Base Tunnel in Switzerland
• Great Belt Fixed Link, Denmark
• Greater KL MRT, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
• Guangzhou-Shenzhen-Hong Kong Express Rail Link between Guangzhou and Hong Kong via Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
• Jakarta Mass Rapid Transit, Jakarta, Indonesia
• Kolkata Metro, India
• Konkan Railway between Mangalore and Mumbai
• MTR, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
• Mumbai Metro, India
• High Speed 1, Ebbsfleet International railway station, London, United Kingdom
• Hyderabad Metro, Hyderabad, India
• London Underground, United Kingdom
• Namma Metro, Bangalore, India
• Northeast Corridor, United States
• Marmaray in Istanbul, Turkey, an express railway system connecting Europe and Asia under waters of Bosphorus
• Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
• Mexico City Metro, Mexico City, Mexico
• Moscow Metro, Moscow, Russia
• New York City Subway, New York City, United States
• Paris Metro, Paris, France
• Prokop, Belgrade, Serbia, railway station project is a mega-project. The entire project is worth an estimated 2 billion US dollars, and is scheduled to be completed within a decade.
• Qingzang railway in Qinghai and Tibet, People’s Republic of China
• Link Light Rail, Seattle, Washington, United States
• Seikan Tunnel in Japan
• Seoul Metropolitan Subway, Seoul, South Korea
• Shanghai Metro, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
• Shiraz Metro, Shiraz, Iran
• Stuttgart 21, Stuttgart, Germany
• Taiwan High Speed Rail, Taiwan, Republic of China
• Tehran Metro, Tehran, Iran
• Transcontinental railroads
• Transit City, Toronto, Canada
• Washington Metro, Washington, D.C., United States

Bridge and highway projects

Øresund Bridge, linking Denmark and Sweden

I-90, part of the American Interstate Highway system

• Hangzhou Bay Bridge, People’s Republic of China
• Qingdao Haiwan Bridge, People’s Republic of China, the world’s longest bridge over water
• Akashi Kaiky? Bridge, Japan
• Bandra–Worli Sea Link, Mumbai, India
• Bang Na Expressway, Thailand, Bang Na Expressway
• Sunda Strait Bridge, Indonesia, Southeast Asia’s longest oversea bridge
• Rio–Antirrio bridge, Greece, Europe’s largest cable-stayed bridge
• Rio–Niterói bridge, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
• Egnatia Odos, Greece
• A1 (Croatia) between Zagreb and Split, with extension being built to Dubrovnik, Croatia
• A3 motorway (Romania) between Bra?ov and Oradea
• A4 motorway (Romania) between Ia?i and Târgu Mure?
• Bundesautobahn 20, Germany
• Central Artery/Tunnel Project, more popularly known as the “Big Dig“, Boston, Massachusetts, United States^[6]
• George Washington Bridge, New York City, United States
• National Highways Development Project, India
• Port Tunnel Dublin, Republic of Ireland
• Expressway Network of the People’s Republic of China
• Fehmarn Belt Fixed Link and its connections on land, linking Denmark and Germany
• Interstate Highway System, United States of America
• Millau Viaduct, France
• Lake Pontchartrain Causeway, United States, the longest bridge in the world.
• Brooklyn Bridge, New York City, United States
• Verrazano-Narrows Bridge, New York City, United States
• Øresund Bridge and its connections on land, like the City Tunnel (Malmö)
• Roman road system of antiquity
• Spaghetti Junction, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
• Vasco da Gama Bridge, Portugal, Europe’s largest bridge
• Karakoram Highway, Pakistan, highest paved international road in the world
• Strait of Messina Bridge, planned to be the longest suspension bridge in the world
• Iran Freeways Project, Iran
• Confederation Bridge, connecting Prince Edward Island to mainland Canada
• Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau Bridge, a 50-km link between Hong Kong, Zhuhai, and Macau. It is due to be completed in 2015-16.
• Golden Quadrilateral Project India

Science projects

CMS detector for LHC

• Manhattan Project, in the United States (1945)
• Tevatron 2 TeV particle accelerator, in the United States (1983)
• Human Genome Project, investigation to determine human genetic code (1990-Ongoing)
• Superconducting Super Collider, canceled 40 TeV particle accelerator in Texas (1991–1993)
• National Ignition Facility, United States nuclear fusion project (1997-Ongoing)
• Large Hadron Collider 14 TeV particle accelerator, in Switzerland and France (2000-Ongoing)
• ITER International nuclear fusion project, in France (2008-Ongoing)

 Spaceflight projects

Apollo Program Saturn V awaiting launch

• Apollo program (1960–1975)
• Buran program, canceled space shuttle program (1980–1993)
• Compass navigation system, an independent system of satellite navigation by People’s Republic of China (Est. 2015-2017)
• Constellation program, cancelled planned moon landing spacecraft and space shuttle replacement, part lives on as future Crew Escape Vehicle for ISS (Ongoing)
• Galileo Navigation Satellite System, a European Union and European Space Agency global satellite navigation system(Est. 2014)
• Global Positioning System, a global satellite navigation system created by the United States Air Force (1994)
• GLONASS, the Russian equivalent of GPS (1995)
• International Space Station, multinational space station in low Earth orbit (1998–2016)
• Mir, Russian space station (1986–2001)
• Soviet Moonshot, canceled moon landing program (1962–1969)
• Space Shuttle program (1972–2011)

Planned cities and urban renewal projects

La Défense, the central business district of Paris

Project	City/Country	Status	Cost	Special Notes
New Town planning since 1950s	Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China	Y Completed		Currently 9 new towns built with a population in excess of 3.3 million.
Navi Mumbai	India	Y Completed		World’s largest planned city. Contains a population of 2.6 million.
Roppongi Hills	Tokyo, Japan	Y Completed	$4,000,000,000	One of Japan’s largest integrated property developments.
CityCenter	Las Vegas, United States	Y Completed	$11,000,000,000	The largest privately financed development in the United States.
Potsdamer Platz Redevelopment	Berlin, Germany	Y Completed		Project divided onto four parts in which four investors bids in turn.
Liverpool One	Liverpool, United Kingdom	Y Completed	£920,000,000
La Défense	Paris, France	Y Completed
Putrajaya	Malaysia	Y Completed	$8,100,000,000
Madinaty	Egypt	Y Under development	$10,000,000,000	Expected to open by 2014, houses 600,000 population
HafenCity	Hamburg, Germany	Y Under development		Completion expected in 2020-2030
Stratford City	London, United Kingdom	Y Under development	£3,500,000,000	Entire project to be completed by 2020.
Palm Islands, The World (archipelago) and Dubai Waterfront	Dubai, United Arab Emirates	Y Under development		Artificial island developments in Dubai.
Pagcor City	Metro Manila, The Philippines	Y Under development	$15,000,000,000	Dubbed as Asia’s Las Vegas-like entertainment center.
Riverside South	New York City, United States	Y Under development	$3,000,000,000
New Songdo City	Incheon, South Korea	Y Under development	$40,000,000,000
Moscow International Business Center	Moscow, Russia	Y Under development	$12,000,000,000
King Abdullah Economic City	Saudi Arabia	Y Under development	$80,000,000,000
Fjord City	Oslo, Norway	Y Under development
Dubailand	Dubai, United Arab Emirates	Y Under development	$11,000,000,000
Atlantic Yards	New York City, United States	Y Under development		The project’s centerpiece, Barclays Center already broke ground on March 11, 2010.
Hudson Yards Redevelopment Project	New York City, United States	?? Proposed
Esplanada City Center	Bucharest, Romania	?? Proposed	$4,200,000,000
Big City Plan	Birmingham, United Kingdom	?? Proposed		$17,000,000,000
Okhta Center	Saint Petersburg, Russia	N On hold	$2,500,000,000	Original plans abandoned, will be relocated onto other sites.

Water infrastructure projects

The Chicago River at night

• Chicago River reversing its course, Chicago, Illinois, United States
• Deep Tunnel Project, Chicago, Illinois, United States
• Delta Works, Netherlands
• East Bay Municipal Utility District in Oakland, California, United States^[7]
• Elan aqueduct, 73 mile aqueduct from Elan Valley to Birmingham, United Kingdom
• Great Manmade River, Libya
• G-Cans project, Saitama Prefecture, Japan
• National Water Carrier, Israel
• Hadera seawater reverse osmosis desalination plant (SWRO), Israel – Largest in the world.
• MOSE Project, Venice, Italy
• Zuiderzee Works, Netherlands
• New York City water supply system, New York, United States
• Saint Lawrence Seaway, United States and Canada
• Stormwater Management and Road Tunnel (SMART), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
• Snowy Mountains Scheme in New South Wales/Victoria, Australia
• South–North Water Transfer Project, People’s Republic of China
• State Water Project, California, United States
• Thames Tideway Scheme, London, United Kingdom
• Thames Barrier, London, United Kingdom

 Environmentally related projects

• Great Plains Shelterbelt, United States
• Green Wall of China, People’s Republic of China
• Seawater Greenhouse and the larger, related, Sahara Forest Project

 See also

• List of Russian megaprojects

References

 External links

• More information about megaprojects
• Megaprojects in Dubai

Sursa : Wikipedia page  : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_megaprojects#Dam_and_hydroelectric_projects

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